The Legal Environment of Human Resource Management

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the legal environment of human resource management. Here, the paper will discuss various legal issues influencing human resource, as well as the various recommendations to counter those legal issues.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Legal Environment of Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the paper will explore the various rules and laws that govern human resource management including employee ethics. Specifically, the paper will explore discrimination, sexual harassment, and disability as some of the legal issues that need to be considered in human resource management. Introduction Due to the globalized competition and the advancement of technology, most organizations are currently operating in an unpredictable environment. They need to put into consideration the legal environment of human resource management in order to undertake their operations within the scope of recommended legal standards. Indeed, human resource is a very important asset in any organization; therefore, every organization needs to manage it properly. Human resource refers human capital, work force, or talent, which normally includes the skills and knowledge that employees working in a given organization possess (Holton and Trott, 1996). Therefore, human resource management is the process that involves the attraction, selection, training, assessment, and proper management of employees in business enterprises or organizations. In addition, human resource management is wide in scope and includes other functions such as rewarding or compensating employees as well as offering leadership and mentorship programs to employees in accordance to employment and labor laws. This paper will assess and discuss the legal environment of human resource management including issues such as hiring and firing, sexual harassment, employee safety and security, and accommodation.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Legal Environment Human resource was born from the civil or people movements during the early years of 20th century, where scholars started to find ways off creating business worth and value via the use of strategic management of workers. Due to technological changes, environmental differences and global interactions, today’s human resource has evolved to include talent planning, work succession, labor relations and even industrial diversity (Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). Managers need to understand the legal environment of human resources under which they operate, given that different laws and regulations have different implications to their continued operation. Indeed, this understanding and compliance to legal requirements is mandatory, since human resources are always required to perform all their duties as required by law. Generally, the HR makes decisions based on the following. Firstly, it is important to consider legal issues while hiring employees and the benefits to offer them. Secondly, the human resource must consider accommodation to be offered to employees and the procedure to follow when firing employees. Thirdly, he or she must consider whether to compensate or not, and if so, the policies and procedures to be follow. Other issues to consider include sexual harassment, disabilities, absence from work and workers safety policies. Lastly, the HR should take into consideration the importance of discrimination policy in the organization, as this tends to be a very sensitive issue in human resource management (Jonathan, 2010). There are various changes in law, which have caused human resource personnel to make poor decisions. The next part of this paper will discuss some legal environment issues in human resource, which include, discrimination, sexual harassment , hiring laws, hostile working environment, health conditions, and accommodation policies (Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). Discrimination Employment discrimination may be described as the practice that involves treating some employees differently or an employee differently from others. This discrimination may be based on gender, race, religion, age, tribe, nationality, or even cases of disability. Here, the persons who face discrimination may be denied employment, promotion, or they may even be demoted without reasonable cause.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Legal Environment of Human Resource Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Again, discrimination may occur in form of poor working conditions and even failure to accommodate employee who qualify for accommodation due to the reasons of their affiliation. This kind of discrimination is very harmful in an organization, as it tends to break down relationships due to differences and barriers created. Other forms of discrimination occur due to class status, where people are treated based on their assumed class; however, the most common discrimination practices are based on color, race, sex, religion, tribe, and nation of origin. It should be noted that, discrimination is a criminal offence (although this also depends on the country in reference) according to international labour laws. Therefore, managers should avoid discrimination in the work place with the help of the following federal employment laws applicable in the US (Thompson, 2011). First, Civil Rights Act plays a big role in the employment environment as it aims to promote an all-inclusive employment in the US. Indeed, the international labour regulations call for equal treatment of all employees in organizations regardless of their physical, social, economic, or political affiliation or status. Secondly, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act tends to protect peo ple of all ages and especially those above the age of 40 years against being overlooked in employment. This is because most organizations resist employing people of this age in preference of younger people due to a number of reasons, among them being the cost of labour and energy/enthusiasm level. Thirdly, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act is an important legislation that protects pregnant women from discrimination because of their condition in job status, promotion, hiring, and compensation. The Older Workers’ Benefits Protection Act on the other hand tries to give more protection to workers during difficult conditions, especially after retirement when they are too old to access further employment opportunities.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly, the Disabilities Act prohibit discrimination against people living with disability in all areas of employment including hiring, promotion, compensation, working conditions among others (Walsh, 2012). It is also important that, when faced with discrimination problems, the human resource managers should first consult legal professionals to provide legal counsel. These may include specialized lawyers and even experts in the employment laws or employment tribunals. Sexual Harassment Every organization is required by labour laws to have a sexual harassment policy that guides its employees on matters of sexual harassment. Generally, illegal sexual harassment is any unacceptable and uninvited sexual advances or actions/words that make the recipient of such actions uncomfortable; it can be either male or female. Indeed, sexual harassment is an illegal activity or a criminal offence punishable by law. When such cases occur in employment, it is important for one to submit to the emplo yment terms and conditions as required by law. This is because such conducts always cause problems in the work place, leading to poor performance and later bringing hostile working environment. It may also lead to loss of talent, as the affected persons may decide to quit because of harassment. Again, it is important for the human resource manager to consider the frequency of such conducts in the work place, as well as the main culprits. In most cases, sexual harassment occurs when sexual favors may be demanded in return for getting or retaining a job or a job-related benefit (Thompson, 2011). However, the Civil Rights Act is very clear on matters of sexual harassment; therefore, any aggrieved party may report or sue under Civil Rights Act. Sexual harassment guidelines are also provided in the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of international labour laws. Accommodation In cases of accommodation, the human resource manager should ensure that proper and reasonable accommodation is giv en to employees for higher work output including provision of hardship allowances. While considering this, the nature of the job and size of the company should also be put into consideration. Again, the workers’ terms of agreement should also be put into consideration, as this cannot be ignored. Here, the Civil Rights Act and Equal Employment Opportunity Act requires â€Å"employers to make reasonable accommodation to facilitate employment of disabled individuals† (Jonathan, 2010), unless there is reasonable cause to show that such a move would have severe and adverse effect on financial position of the employer. Nevertheless, it is important to provide an environment where both the employee and the employer feel comfortable in performing their roles in the organization (Jonathan, 2010). Hiring Employees While hiring employees, it is important to treat all of them equally as provided in the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. The law prohibits discrimination against any person based on their status; indeed, the HR should use merit when hiring employees. Here, the best-qualified candidate should get the job without any bias, even if the candidate is living with disability or she is woman (yet the employer prefers men). Again, age factor should not be used to deny a qualified candidate the job. In addition, job termination and promotions should be done as provided for in the laws. Lastly, when hiring new employees, it may be important to request for proper health records where necessary, but health conditions or body physical appearance should not be used to prevent a qualified candidate from getting the job (Walsh, 2012). Firing of Workers Workers are an important asset in any business firm or organization. Therefore, in cases of their hiring and firing it is important that legal procedures be put in place and be considered prior to firing employees in order to ensure that this process take place effectively and successfully. For example, in cases o f scandals on one of the employees in the work place, it is always important that legal procedures be adhered to while firing them. Again proper legal counsel must be consulted to establish the truth of all the allegations made against the employee in question. Again, when the employee is found to be wrong it is good that his or her firing be done in accordance with the organization’s policy as well as in accordance with both national and international labour laws (Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). Employees’ Safety and Security All organizations or employers are required by law to provide a safe and conducive working environment to all their employees. This is provided for in the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 commonly known as OSHA Act, which stipulates that all employers need to provide working environments that are free from danger or harm to their employees. In addition, where occupations tend to have high risk of danger, employees are supposed to be provid ed with protective gear at all times they perform their duties. Where employees feel the conditions under which they work are not safe enough, they have an obligation and right to call upon OSHA authorities to come and inspect the premises and environment they work in. Therefore, it is the obligation of the human resource managers to have a policy that provides for workers safety and ensure such a policy is complied to at all times to avoid being in conflict with OSHA guidelines. Conclusion From the discussion above, it is important that human resources managers comply with labour laws as well as other legal requirements related to human resources in order to ensure employees work in a conducive environment. This will also allow all parties to realize and understand the limitations of their work as well as gain knowledge about legal departments in their business sectors. The understanding of the legal environment will also help human resources managers to concentrate on matters that are pertinent to the growth of business rather than wasting time in court battles related to violation of labour laws (Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). The discussion above has looked into the discrimination issues encountered in work places, which are based on the grounds of gender, sex, color, nation of origin and age; this should be addressed effectively, as labour laws prohibit any form of discrimination and terms it as an offence. In addition, people living with disability should never be discriminated against in accordance with the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. Various legislations related to human resources include the Civil Rights Act, Family Act, Equal Employment Opportunity Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act and.Pregnancy Discrimination Act among others. All these legislations have special regulations that managers are required to comply with at all times in order to ensure that they provide proper working conditions to all their employees. References Holton, F.E., Trott, J. (1996). Trends toward a Closer Integration of Vocational Education and Human Resources Development. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 12 (2), 36-39. Jonathan, E. D. (2010). The Changing Environment of Professional HR Associations. London: Cornell center for advanced human resource studies. Thompson, J. D. (2011). Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. New York: McGraw Hill. Ulrich, D., Brockbank, W. (2005). The HR Value Proposition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Walsh, D. (2012). Employment Law Practice. NJ: Cengage Learning. This research paper on The Legal Environment of Human Resource Management was written and submitted by user Bennett Cabrera to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Experts and Editors

Experts and Editors Experts and Editors Experts and Editors By Colin In a previous article we looked at generalisation as opposed to specialising in specific subject matter. We looked at the pros and cons of each, and it provoked a lot of feedback from our readers. One question that popped up involved the amount of knowledge one should attain in order to be considered a qualified expert on a topic. There are several routes that may be considered here. Academic Qualifications The first is via education, and the attainment of a recognised qualification. If you, as a freelance writer, followed the route of further education, whether straight from school or as a mature student, you may consider yourself knowledgeable in the theory of your subject. I say knowledgeable because in most cases what you have learned from the books hasn’t been put into practice in any real shape or form. For example, a student who went to university to learn about accounting may gain a Degree from their studies, but as most students find out when they start employment, it is not until they have to apply what they have learnt that they discover much of it wass only needed to pass the exams and get you in the door; the real stuff is learnt on the job. And it is here the term â€Å"expertly qualified† is truly gained. Being awarded a qualification is one thing, but having ten years hands on experience in the industry will truly make you an expert. Vocational Qualifications If your field happens to be in something more vocational, fly fishing for instance, gaining expert status is not as clear cut as it is in the academic world. Expert status could be claimed after many years of reading, studying, and absorbing the sport in every way possible; learning how to tie flies, the mechanics of casting, or the biology of fish. This is something that requires real devotion and a real love for the subject. In this respect, expert status is less arguable because it has been done willingly outside of a person’s need to survive. An editor who has someone like this on their books will do well. One thing all experts must have in common is the ability to write about their topics well, and write about them regularly. So it’s one thing being able to talk about your subject over and over, but writing new and unique articles every week or month requires a different set of abilities. Research In the life of the freelance writer though, nothing is as clear-cut as academic qualifications or vocational activities. In order to survive, the ability to turn your hand to new topics confidently and accurately is a valuable skill that most editors crave. One day you may be writing reviews on some books you have recently read, the next you may be asked to write about something you know nothing about. By the time you have researched the article through interviews, phone calls, gaining real-life experience of your own, cross-checked your information, written the first draft, researched it some more, and handed in the finished article, you may well find you can easily consider yourself an expert in that particular field. Carrying out solid research will not only gain you expert status, but it is also the route to longevity, well-paying writing gigs, and fruitful long term relationships with editors. Working with Editors Another question that popped up involved the question of the relationship between editors and writers, that is, who takes the credit for a book that has been heavily edited, and how much of the editor’s work finds its way into the text? Under normal circumstances the person who writes a book will be credited with the work, and have the copyright and moral rights assigned to them. An editor would not normally get any credit, unless for example, the book was an anthology or an auto-biography in which the editor helped to ghost write the book or play a large part in its writing. How much of an editor’s work finds its way into a book or article would depend on the individual editor’s style, and how much input is required. If a book or article requires a lot of editing, though, a writer should expect to be dropped from the payroll forthwith. It is up to the writer to create the work in the manner in which the editor has specified at the outset; major reworks at the editorial stage are not generally acceptable. There is a long standing argument in publishing about where the best books come from; a good editor or a good writer? The answer lies somewhere between, because a good editor should be able to get the best out of a writer without displacing their style. They should bond together and hit the same wavelength from concept to production. If a change of editor between book number one and the sequel occurs, one may end up with an entirely different book in style and format that may not sell as much as the first, assuming of course, that it did. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and Toes15 Great Word GamesUses of the Past Participle

Boeing

Boeing Essay TheBoeing 700s are very capable of handling duties in the commercial andmilitary world. The Boeing 700s are capable of handling many tasks in thecommercial and military world. With the introduction of the 707 in the latefifties to the most recent 777 in the early nineties the, 700s have dominatedthe commercial world for five decades. They are a line of aircraft that arecapable of handling many roles from basic civilian transport to various militaryneeds. They are the people movers of the 20th century. Each with a largecarrying capacity combined with the range of a jet aircraft they have moved morepeople longer distances than what was once thought possible. Boeing has trulyproduced some of the greatest aircraft in history. The various duties that the700s perform are quite extraordinary. It all started in the fifties. Therewas a growing demand for a commercial airliner that could move a greater numberof people farther and faster. The age of the jet engine still had not reached tocivili an transportation. There was still a fear of the jet because of lack ofreliability, but with the advancement of technology the jet engine now hadbecome more even reliable than the piston engine. The need for a jet enginepowered plane was growing. Airlines still were looking for a plane that couldcross the Atlantic Ocean without a refueling stop. The Lockheed Super Connies, apiston powered plane, were able to cross the Atlantic Ocean with out stopping onthe eastbound leg, but they had to stop in Gander, Newfoundland to refuel on thewestbound leg. The airlines desired a plane that could easily travel theAtlantic with out a stop. The piston engine just wasnt going to do it, thejet engine was the answer to the question. Boeing realized this and moved tolook for a design for a jet powered plane. At first Boeing was looking to modifyexisting aircraft with jet engines to perform the tasks. They quickly realizedthat they needed a whole new aircraft. The Boeing 707 was born. The first Boeing 707 was delivered to Pan America airlines in May of 1958 (Bauer, 218). Salesstarted out slow in fact the 707 almost died many times in its first coupleyears of existence. It wasnt until Boeing modified the 707 by increasing theoverall length, the wing span, and adding more powerful engines did the 707confirm its place in as a commercial transporter. With the new modifications the707 became a very capable aircraft, crossing the Atlantic Ocean became a routineaffair. With the introduction of the 707 transatlantic travel doubled in twoyears (Bauer, 195). Airlines profitability soared due to the new capabilitiesof the 707 presented. The 707 began a new era and improved the way people areflown. The 707 being the first major jet airliner saw many applications andvariations in its lifetime. There were thirteen variations of the 707, theyvaried in capacity, range, and speed (Wright,49). Each variation was designed tomeet a specific needs of an individual airline. Some 707s could carry alarg er capacity of passengers over a shorter distance, were as another variantcould carry fewer passengers over a longer distance. With all of thesevariations the 707 left little room for the Douglas DC-8 which was once thoughto be a major treat to Boeing. The 707 could meet any need of an airline; thisis one reason that made the 707 such a versatile aircraft and why it dominatedthe market. The 707 also saw plenty of action in uniform. Its most usefulapplication came in the way of the KC-135 Stratotanker. It was modified toperform in-flight refueling task for the United States Air Force. The 707 saw ahealthy lifespan as the KC-135, of the 735 units build in the early sixties 550still remain in service today (www.Boeing.com). The 707 also had the veryprivileged role of presidential transport. As Air Force One it started itscareer in 1962 and served seven Presidents. It was only to be replace by one ofits bigger brothers the Boeing 747. Another of one of its more interestingapplications w as that of the Vomet Come a modified KC-135 to make largein-flight arcs to provide a weightless environment to train NASA astronauts. READ: Joe jackson Essay Altogether the 707 and its derivatives saw many varied and interestingapplications. With the 707 fulfilling the needs for a long range jetliner therewas a demand by the airline industry for a short to medium range jet. A jet thatwas designed for short-range use would provide savings over a long-range jet andfaster travel times that were presently completed by prop driven planes. Boeingwent to the drawing boards and came out with the 727. When the 727 finally cameto production it came out with better performance that what was originallyplanned. As throughout Boeings history, its strong, patient, intenseengineering efforts had once more been the key (Bauer, 226). The 727 filledthe duty of short to medium range better than any other aircraft. It showed inthe sales and the 727 became at the time the most selling Boeing aircraft, butthat title would not remain very long. The Boeing 737 became the most sellingcommercial jetliner in the world. To date it has sold 3,158 units and there arest ill more on order (www.Boeing.com). Its primary role is short to medium rangepassenger transport. The 737 were to be a gradual replacement to the 727 and didso quite well, it became known as the Little Giant. The 737 also proved tobe a very rugged aircraft, with a kit add-on to the landing gears it made itpossible for the 737 to land on unimproved runways like a grass field or agravel runway. The 737 also were far superior in its ability to take off fromhigh altitude, short runways. These abilities made the 737 very versatile itcould link many areas that were unable maintain a modern airport that would havea paved runway (Bauer, 250). One key feature to the 737, which made it thesuccess it was, was the decision to make the plane six seats abreast. Douglaswas the main competition in the beginning has a plane that was five seatsabreast. Even with Douglass advantage in speed and range it could never matchthe seat per-mile cost the 737 gave. The single decision, which meant about a17inc h increase of diameter over the DOUGLAS DC-9, meant the success of the 737and the failure of the DC-9. Above: Comparison between the DC-9 and 737cross-sections. With the ruggedness of the 737 it sees several applications forthe Military. Its most widely used application is as a training aid for bothpilots and navigators. Pilots use the USAF designated T-43 737s as a flighttrainer for large cargo and transport aircraft. The 737 is a large aircraft butnot too large aircraft, it provides the perfect stepping stone for pilots intothe huge birds that are present in todays Air Force. It also providesnavigational training. Its wider design offers plenty of room for the traineesand their instructors. One T-43 has about 19 stations for its students (Minton,31). The T-43 provides a very accommodating learning environment for the flightstudents. The largest and most infamous member of the family is the Boeing 747,the Jumbo Jet. This is an aircraft that has changed commercialairliners forever. With its sheer size it put itself in a class of its own. The 747 offer a lower seat per-mile cost and a more efficient way fortransportation than any other aircraft. It can move more people and cargofarther and faster. The 707 brought jet transportation to people. The 747brought jet transportation to the everyday people (Norris and Wagner, 26). 747s have become the backbone of many airlines, in that they handle more peopleand cargo than any of their other planes. 747 not only provides a highlyefficient people mover it has also been a great improvement of cargotransportation. Some modified 747 have a large upward swinging door at the noseof the plane. This door allows for great ease in loading large cargo items. Boeing also offered the option of a side panel door for loading. This was mainlyused in the Combi 747; they were 747 they would transport people and cargoat the same time. The 747 also serve several roles in the Military. Most notablyis in the application of presidential transportation as Air Force One. The 747replace the 707 as Air Force One with great pride. With the increase in room andluxury the President hasnt had a better ride since. The 747 also found itselfthe solution to a rather large problem that is of the transportation of theSpace Shuttle. There really is no other way to transport the large orbiter thanstrapping it onto the top of a 747. NASA bought an ex-American Airlines 747 in1977 and has been using it ever since (Gilchrist, 61). By the late seventies the727 and 737 were showing their age. Boeing was unable to sell newly modifiedversions of the two aircraft and they soon realized that a whole new aircraftwas in need. The new aircraft did not come in the form of a sing le plane but intwo completely different airplanes that would pick up the slack in the short tomedium range jet planes. These planes would be the 757 and the 767. They wouldprove to be very qualified successors to the 727 and the 737 proving themselvesin both the commercial and military world. In fact the 767 came out ofproduction with great performance than what was original planned. Getting itinto service, getting it under our original cost estimates and one day early-Idont know how you can improve on that. And thats due to the great team atBoeing (Bauer, 320). The short to medium range jet had been modernized withincreases in performance of its capacity, speed, and fuel consumption. TheMilitary had their eye on the 767. It was as wide-bodied aircraft similar indimensions to the 737 and the wider body is what the Military saw mostappealing. One of the primary functions the 767 serves is in the AWACS (AirborneWarning and Control System) program. It is a 767 modified with a large cir culardisc on the top. The disc is composed of radars and antennas, it purpose is totarget and track targets from a long range, this information is thencommunicated to fighters on stand by. The body of the plane has a crew and alarge amount of computer equipment used in the process of determining targets. READ: Microsoft Essay SummaryBoeing has some more plans for the 767, Boeing see it a very capable candidatefor a tanker/transport variant that would provide in flight refueling andtransportation duties (www.Boeing.com). The last in the family is the 777, whichwere introduced, in the early nineties. It is a complete new generation ofaircraft with the complete integration of computers. The 777 has two mainvariants presently they are the 777-200 and the 777-300. Their main differenceis length and capacity, the 300 is about 33 feet longer and can hold about 70more passengers than the 200. Both will work to satisfy the different needs ofan airline. A newer version is in the works too. It is the 777-400 planned tohave even greater capacity that what is now present. The 777 should graduallyreplace the 747 as the large capacity long-range jet (www.Boeing.com). The 777are the plane of the future and will have many service roles in the commercialworld. The line of the Boeing 700 aircraft is undeniably a very versatile lineof aircraft. From the beginning they have dominated in commercial jet sales andfor good reason. Boeing has always made their aircraft with the utmost qualityand attention to detail. Boeing will test and test again until they get it rightand that shows in their products. The 700s serve any commercial and militaryneed placed on them. They have made long distant travel a comfort and a pleasureto many. It is hard to imagine what is would be like without Boeing. It is verysafe to say that commercial airline travel would simply not be at the samecaliber we find it today.

Relationship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Relationship Management - Essay Example This revolution led to the renovation of a marketplace into marketspace, where businesses and communications were carried on not physically but virtually. But still many marketspaces faced a lot of problems in the field of virtual customer relationship management or CRM. Building relations with clients or suppliers virtually is very tough due to the trust factor, i.e. it is very hard for people (clients, suppliers, dealers, or people related to the e-business or marketspace) to trust somebody that they have never ever met. This used to be a very serious issue because this was one of the largest disadvantages that the e-commerce industry had faced, not only a disadvantage but slowly and slowly this became a setback for the industry. But eventually just as any problem that technology has faced in the previous centuries, this disadvantage for this industry is gradually being removed and more and more reliable ways to deal with the e-commerce industry are being fabricated. The term e-commerce had been originated in the late 1970’s. At that time the term e-commerce was introduced only for online transfer transactions such as data transfers, purchase orders, funds transfers and codes transfers; that is, all the data transfer that was related to business and was done electronically was termed as e-commerce. (e-commerce land, 2007) E-commerce has surpassed itself from just being a technology, instead e-commerce or e-business is a whole new revolution in the marketing, CRM (Customer Relationship Management) and management industry. (CRM, better management.com) Since the beginning, e-businesses have proven to be a much better way to stay in contact with the consumers and to have a better approach towards the markets via creating virtual marketspaces and eliminating the geographical boundaries. These fresh techniques (e-business & marketspace) grew at a lightning pace because of their geographically

Can Nation States response to dealing with illegal drug trade ever be Essay

Can Nation States response to dealing with illegal drug trade ever be effective - Essay Example The governments are spending heavily on the war on drugs and terror, yet little can be determined a success. According to the NCA, the UK hosts a highly attractive illegal drug market, which the government’s organized crime strategy states that it costs the nation an estimated  £10.7 billion annually (n.d.). The effects of the drugs moving around the streets of the world’s nations without well-known linked sources remain a devastating issue for the societies, where most families involved with the crimes of trafficking or use of the substances flourish at the expense of others or waste their health in addictions. UK’s demand for illicit drugs, especially Class A consisting of heroin, cocaine, crack cocaine, and ecstasy have a large market share; Matrix Knowledge Group (2007, p.11) earlier on revealed estimates as â€Å"300 importers, 3000 wholesalers and 70000 street dealers†. Countries like USA, Jamaica and UK are among well-established origins and routes linking the Caribbean, Europe, Asia, North and South America, where high demands for illegal drugs are found. The UK has adopted numerous policies and has been working in coordination with other foreign governments. The fact is that drug smuggling and associated crimes is quite a complicated issue that cannot be solved by one nation state. Rather, it requires collective intervention and policies by governments, NGOS and good will individuals to offer an effective solution in reducing drug smuggling and production. Edwards and Gills argue that through international collaboration, these bodies can â€Å"pursue policies that re duce opportunities for successful organized crimes† and break existing criminal conspiracies (2003, p. 15). Drug smuggling into the UK has in the past been perceived to occur through different methods. Criminals have proved capable of using various

Absorbance of light by a transition metal complex investigation Essay Example for Free

Absorbance of light by a transition metal complex investigation Essay Introduction Commonly known as transition metals, d block elements have partially filled d sublevels in one or more of their oxidation states. It is in the first row of transition elements that the 3d sub-level is incomplete. These d block elements show certain characteristic properties such as multiple oxidation states, ability to form complex ions, coloured compounds and good catalytic properties. In terms of variable oxidation states, d block elements usually have a +2 oxidation number which corresponds to the loss of the two 4s electrons (as it is easier to lose the 4s electrons than the 3d electrons). Transition metals can have variable oxidation states because the ionization energies allow for up to two 3d electrons to be lost. Because transition metals are relatively small in size, the transition metal ions attract species that are rich in electrons ligands (neutral molecules or negative ions that contain non-bonding pair of electrons which when covalently bonded with and form complex ions. Because the d orbitals usually split up into two groups (high and low) in transition metal complex ions, the energy required to promote a d electron into the higher split level corresponds with a particular wavelength in the visible region, which is absorbed when light passes through the complex ion. Transition metal usually then exhibits the remaining energy/light the complementary colour. In this investigation, the different absorbance of these coloured solutions will be investigated by varying the number of moles of the transition metal in the solution. According to the Beer-Lambert law, absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration and that there is a logarithmic dependence between the absorbance and the concentration of the substance, this relationship is as shown in figure 1 and 2. In the graph representation of the Beer-Lambert law, the logarithmic relationship can evidently be seen as the concentration of the solution increases, the calibration curve becomes less linear and more flat. This is probably due to the saturation of colour of the solution. In addition, the graph also indicates that the relationship starts at the origin and is generally linear at lower concentrations. In this investigation, Nickel (II) Sulphate will be used as the transition metal and H2O will be used as the ligand. The complex ion formed will therefore be a hexaaquanickel(II) complex ion, Ni (H2O) 6 2+. It has a coordination number of 6 and is of an octahedral shape. (Microsoft Encarta, 2007) Aim To investigate how the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (Ni (H2O) 6 2+) in solution affects the absorbance of red light (660nm) by measuring it with a colorimeter. Hypothesis As the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions increases, the absorbance of red light1 will also increase. This is so because as stated in the Beer-Lambert law, the absorbance of light is directly proportional to the concentration. Furthermore, as the concentration increases, there are more molecules of the complex ions within the solution to interact with the light that is being transmitted hence an increased absorbance at higher concentrations. In addition, despite the logarithmic relationship, I expect my data to show a linear relationship instead because the number of moles I am measuring red absorbance against is rather low (maximum 0.5 moles), so while it would be insufficient to see the clear logarithmic curve; the linear increase in the beginning would still be evident. Variables Independent Concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (0.0313mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.250mol, 0.500mol) Dependent Absorbency of red light (660nm) Controlled Volume of solution (25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ per different mol solution) Equipment Method 1) Measure 6.57g of nickel sulphate with an electronic balance and place in a 250cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker 2) Measure 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of deionised water with 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ measuring cylinder and pour into the 250cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker with the nickel sulphate to create a 0.5mol nickel sulphate solution 3) Mix the solution thoroughly with a glass stirring rod, make sure the solution is transparent (not murky) and no remnants of the nickel sulphate should be present in the solution 4) Label the five 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ volumetric flasks: 0.03125mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.25mol and 0.5mol 5) Pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of the previously made nickel sulphate solution from the 250cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled 0.5mol 6) Pipette another 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from the beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled 0.25mol 7) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of deionised water and add into 0.25mol 8) Mix thoroughly 9) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from 0.25mol and add into 0.125mol 10) Repeat steps 7 to 8 but add the water into 0.125mol 11) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from 0.125mol and add into 0.0625mol 12) Repeat step 10 but add into the water 0.0625mol 13) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from 0.0625mol and add into 0.0313 mol 14) Repeat step 10 but add into the water0.0313mol 15) Connect the PASPORT colorimeter to the computer 16) Select to measure red (660nm) absorbance 17) After all five solutions have been made, label five cuvettes the same labels as the volumetric flasks (place on lid, careful not to have any of the label on the cuvette itself) 18) Fill each labeled cuvette with its corresponding volumetric flask label with a dropper 19) Fill the remaining unlabeled cuvette with water 20) Place the cuvette with water into the colorimeter and press green button to calibrate, do not do anything until the green light switches off by itself 21) Place the cuvette labeled 0.03125mol into the colorimeter press start and stop after getting a constant reading 22) Record the data 23) Repeat steps 21-22 until all labeled cuvettes have been measured for red absorbance Data Table Concentration / mol dm-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Red light (660nm) absorbance Uncertainties Uncertainties (cm3) Measuring cylinder à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Bulb pipette à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Electronic weigh à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g Concentration (mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) Uncertainty Graphs Discussion and Conclusion It can be seen from the graph that there is a linear relationship between the amount of red light absorbed and the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions. It can also be deduced that as the concentration increases, the red light absorption increases at twice the rate. However, it is interesting to note that the line of best fit does not start at the origin, but at (0, 0.0623) as the equation derived from the line of best fit states, suggesting that despite showing a clear linear trend, my data is precise but not accurate. This is possibly due to equipment imperfection, for example the cuvette, which will be discussed in the evaluation. However, it is still evident that, as stated in my hypothesis, as the concentration increases, the chances of light interacting with the complex ion molecules also increase, hence yielding a higher light (red, in this case) absorption. While it is true that the Beer-Lambert law states the relationship between concentration of a substance and its absorbency has a logarithmic relationship, my data is linear because the concentrations of my tested solutions were rather low, so if I were to continue my experiment and create more concentrated nickel sulphate solutions, I would expect to see the curve become non-linear as concentration increases because the solution will eventually become saturated. Therefore, in conclusion, my hypothesis corresponds with the results: the relationship between red absorbance and concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions is quite clear as the concentration increases, the red absorbance also increases. Evaluation One aspect I can improve my method is using the same cuvette and in the same direction each time for measuring all the different solutions, as it has been noted that the cuvettes we have been currently using are not perfectly constructed and may differ with the distance as light passes through. This will help improve the accuracy of the results and an important aspect to take into consideration, because also stated in the Beer-Lambert law, the length in which the light passes through also makes a difference in the absorption of light (the longer the container is, the more chances of light interacting with the molecules of the solution). Another aspect was in the preparing the different solutions, because I had diluted each solution using the same solutions from before, so the uncertainty of each would naturally continuously build up (final uncertainty of 4.31%) for example, if I had accidentally created a 0.052 mol nickel sulphate solution, then the next solution I diluted from that solution would not be 0.025 mol as intended. One way to see through this limitation is to perhaps prepare each solution separately to avoid a build up of uncertainties. In addition, another way to make this investigation more conclusive and detailed could be increasing the different amounts of concentration of the nickel sulphate solution, as I only had 5 different concentrations. Bibliography Clark, J. (2007). The Beer-Lambert law. In Absorption spectra. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/uvvisible/beerlambert.html Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) Online Encyclopedia. (2007). Complex. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781538720/Complex.html Neuss, G. (2007). Determining the concentration of an element. In Chemistry course companion (p. 276). Oxford University Press. 1 Because nickel sulphate solution is green in colour, red light will be used to measure the absorbency of the solution as it is the complementary colour.

Personal Strengths and Weaknesses Essay -- essays research papers

Everyone is embedded with things that make them unique. As individuals we each bring soemthing new, creative, and different to the table. This brings to to discuss personal strengths and weaknessess within myself and my everyday living. Personal strengths are areas where we tend to excel, and seem to express above average. Personal Weaknesses to me are areas where we would like to excel but seem to still need improvement. If I can, let me share with you my strengths and weaknesses and see how they effect my everyday being.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lets begin with my personal strengths. To me these are areas where I think I excel and have the most experience. Being an effective communicator is one of the best traits that I think a person can carry. Effective communication consists of being able to speak clearly and professionally, while being knowleadgeable at the same time. I also have to ensure that the message that is being communicated is easy to understand and that my message covers all the facts and pertinent information. Communication has become one of the key parts to being successful in work life and in my personal life. Communication is key to my marriage and any relationship that I build within a team, workplace, and even with my small child. Being an effective communicator is definetely a strong point for me. Possessing the skills to be a leader is also a bright area for me. I learned at an early age that I love to be in charge and that taking initiative to get things done has a very positive out look. Being that I have learned my limitations and what is best for me, I do better as a leader and not a follower. Being a leader takes an outgoing personality, and a person that loves to work an be around people. It also takes good decision making skills and the ability to work well under pressure sometimes. I am truly a people person and feel that I have the traits that it takes to lead a group to the moon if need be. Which leads me into being a team player. I believe that team work is always a great asset to any work or personal group and being a team player is one of my stronger attributes. Being a team player means being able to work well with others, to offer assistance to others in need, and to be very open to new ideas and other peoples opinions. Being a team player to me falls right into place with being a people person and being able to wo... ...d, the bad, and the indifferent I feel that overall I am a great person and that I have many great qualities. As with anyone I have areas that I would surely like to be stronger in but only time will tell. I am starting to realize that the only way that I can change my weaknesses into strong points is to accept the fact that I have troubles in these areas and that they need to be fixed. Observering how my behaviors and weaker points affect others and my lifestyle will help me to develop a plan to fix these weak points beneath the surface. I think that once a person sits back and evaluates what their personal strengths and weaknesses are then a positive self evaluation can be made. Just from putting this paper together I have evaluated some things about myself that I havent touched base with in a long time. A persons strengths and weaknesses help to make up who they are and no one person is alike. I think that it is always important to know who you are and what you are made of and what better way than to evaluate the things that you can attribute and also the things that you work on to possible make you a better person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

American Beauty 2

American Beauty Jessica Jackson (Thompson) Interpersonal Communication Alfred Wilfong November 19th, 2011 I chose to watch the movie American Beauty. I have seen this movie previously, and enjoyed watching it again. An interpersonal conflict that I identified in the movie was between Kevin Spacey’s character Lester and his wife Carolyn, played by Annette Bening. In chapter nine of our text, Daniel Dana suggested four factors that must be present for a disagreement to be considered a conflict: two parties are interdependent, both parties blame the other, on or more of the parties are angry or emotionally upset, and the parties’ behaviors are affecting their relationship with each other and others. (Dana, 2011) Carolyn was very ambitious and Lester was having what one would call a mid-life crisis. They both had very poor communication skills. Given they were married they were interdependent, they blamed each other for any and all issues in their relationship, they were both angry, and their behaviors were not only affecting their relationship with one another, but their relationship with their teenage daughter, who seemed to loathe her parents. They both handled their conflict differently. Carolyn began to have an affair with a business rival. Lester, after black-mailing his boss, takes a job at a fast food joint, starts lifting weights, and obsesses over his daughter’s friend. As I stated earlier they did not communicate well with one another. At dinner if they weren’t yelling at each other they were speaking to each other at all. Outside of intense couples therapy they needed to work on empathizing with one another. Lester should have told his wife about being laid off, and they could have worked through that trial together. Carolyn should have never had an affair, and instead expressed her frustration with Lester and they could have worked through her frustrations, together. Their hostility and conflict was just growing in the movie. It never seemed to lessen. They had no positive feelings in their conflict as well. They usually responded to anger with anger or anger with silence. Lester, Carolyn, and their daughter need to communicate more effectively. They can do this by listening to one another needs, empathizing with one another, and responding effectively.

Economic Environment Essay

We aim to provide the public with an effective and cheap solution in cleaning their clothes. We carry this out with a Triple-Action Laundry detergent which has an anti-bacteria content that also leaves the clothes clean, good as new and scented. Target Market Our target consumers are between the ages of 11 and 60 who can wash clothes and are responsible in choosing laundry detergents to use (cited in Phil48Girl, 2010). Our customers are normally member of the household and wash their own clothes. We consider not only the mother but everybody who needs their clothes clean and fragrant without spending a lot. Direct Competitors There are several laundry detergent brand manufacturers. But, only some are real companies. There are solo individuals that are also marketing in small towns. However, our product will speak for itself as it is very effective, very gentle to clothes and with adorable scent. We will also apply a door-to-door marketing strategy to introduce our product directly to our customers that other companies haven’t tried before. Political-Legal Environment We will manage to prepare legal papers and permits allowing us to do our marketing and productions on each place to avoid illegal problems. Social-Cultural Environment Social Medias like TV and radio, as well as, social networking online using Facebook and Twitter will be used as leverage. Our customers are well exposed to such Medias. Economic Environment Our product is immune with the economic crisis as we are offering it in a very low cost. Our customers are flexible and not affected as they need our product regularly. Technological Environment Our productions are well supported with generators for incidental loss of electricity. We also maintain substitute equipments when the manufacturing system is down. Summary The above analysis is reasonably confident enough to enter the actual market. Introducing the Triple-Action Laundry detergent, that is very affordable in price. There is a maximum range of prospect consumers in the market as everybody needs our product. Strategic marketing will be imposed as the company aim to reach more customers by bringing the product directly to their homes. The company will maintain the brand name in legal processes and will reach more people through social Medias and computer technology. We are also flexible to adjust technically in terms of economic and technological problems once occured. The above is a list of actions which needs to be executed properly, as a marketing plan with no reverberation of tactical foundation is useless (cited in Wikipedia, 2010). Considering the analysis of the different environment in this report brings out what to do and what should not be done during the process. Careful manipulation and management requires cooperation and good leadership to accomplish the goal. References: More Business (2010, March 26) Sample Marketing Pla. March 26, 2010, from www. morebusiness. com/templates_worksheets/bplans/printpre. brc Phil48Girl (2010, March 26) How to Teach Your Children to Wash Clothes. March 26,2010 from http://www. ehow. com/how_4693877_teach-children-wash-clothes. html Wikipedia (2010, March 26) Marketing Plan. March 26,2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Marketing_plan

Comparison Between Two political parties in Chile (PPD; PS) essays

Comparison Between Two political parties in Chile (PPD; PS) essays This project is based upon comparing two contemporary parties to each other, and then to the parties of Chile in the XIXth century. But before one can start to study this aspect, they must answer the question: "What is a political party?" By dictionary definition, the reply is: "An established political group organized to promote and support its principles and candidates for public office." We agree with this statement. A party is a gathering of people to promote their ideals and wishes in the government. Every party has it's leader and members, and is constantly in a battle to achieve presidency over the country. To do this they must gather support fom the people, oftentimes presenting them with statements that say that the people's wishes will come true, should the party rise to power. This incentive, of course, makes people vote. This project begins by analyzing both parties, in all their aspects; and then goes on to compare them to each other. Finally, we compare these parties to the parties in XIXth century Chile. Description of the Parties Being Compared The main principle of this party is to employ all forms of socialism in all aspects of society; maintaining that they have upheld socialism for all of their existence. They state that capitalism is a vile way of ruling a country; that it places "egotistical and separatist" thoughts in the minds of the people who they govern. This party aims to use democracy as a method of uniting all the aspects of society, to give them all a fair right to speak. They quote: "La democracia, para los socialistas, es el sistema polà ­tico que debe asegurar la convivencia entre los diversos componentes de la sociedad e inducir, por tanto, al desarrollo de los valores de la solidaridad y de la participacin ciudadana en todas las esferas de la vida social." This party claims that the economy of Chile is quite inneficient. According to their figures, for every 5% increase in produ...

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Human Resource Management - Essay Example As such, job analysis can be termed to be a component of planning where jobs are studied and analyzed to know the requisite characteristics and nature of the job. With the help of this information, competent and suitable candidates can be employed on that particular job (Ostwald 2003). Jobs make positions, positions make occupations and occupations transform themselves into organizational structure. As such, job analysis is the building block of not only human resources function, but also organizational behavior, structure and planning (Fig.1). Planning, recruitment, training and appraisal- all other HRM activities directly stem out from job analysis. Job analysis is actually a comprehensive data collection technique where some data relates to the job specifications and other pertains to the individuals. Thus, number of employee, characteristics of employees, nature and mode of training and objective appraisal of employees can be done only on the basis of job analysis. Evaluation of job- with the help of job analysis, relative worth of jobs is ascertained which in turn helps in determining the base compensation and relevance of the job in the organization. This proves to be an important criterion of cost cutting and cost saving activity for a firm. Employee development- when both the specifications of job and the individuals handling the job are determined in advance, it becomes easier to benchmark the performance levels and analyze the gaps. Moreover, specific areas of gap can be figured out which can then be resolved by using employee counseling and training sessions. Safety measures- process of job analysis is applied in all kinds of jobs be it technical, clerical or managerial. Therefore, it extends a bit beneficial in technical jobs where use of tools, machinery and equipments can give rise to hazardous conditions and unhealthy workplace environment. Job analysis tries to do away with

WAS BARRY GOLDWATER MISREPRESENTED BY THE MEDIA Research Paper

WAS BARRY GOLDWATER MISREPRESENTED BY THE MEDIA - Research Paper Example Media uses this phenomenon and controls us in many ways, as to how we remember events and people, thus effectively shaping our opinions. The power of media to shape opinions has always been lucrative to politicians. Consequently what the media shows us may not be the reality as portrayals and images sometimes lie in the category of paid-content, which is of course unreliable. Great leaders and politicians have always been a target for the media’s strident and harsh remarks. Barry Goldwater, â€Å"a five-term U.S. senator from Arizona and a champion of conservatism whose 1964 presidential candidacy who launched a revolution within the Republican Party† (Barnes, â€Å"Barry Goldwater†), is one victim herein. During that era he was also known as Mr. Conservative for his articulate, blunt and charismatic approach in political dealings. Politicians and leaders all over the globe still admire him for his values and have set him as a benchmark for themselves. This resea rch paper aims to briefly show how and why the media misinterpreted Barry Goldwater. Liberals during the 60’s had left no stone unturned to term Barry Goldwater as a racist and to tarnish his image in public but Goldwater stood as a man of principle and courage. He fought back to each and every allegation that was pointed towards him. It might be not be an overstatement to suggest that he had more enemies than friends but despite this fact, his political career had always been applauded. And even at this present day, it remains as interesting as it was back in the 60’s. To begin with, the first thing that needs discussion is his presidential elections in 1964 in which he had to face a crushing defeat by 16 million votes from Lyndon B. Johnson. Many factors contributed towards this but the most important of all was the misrepresentation of Barry Goldwater’s persona by the liberals. Moreover, the assassination of John F. Kennedy also contributed to his defeat, as it was discovered that he has been shot dead by someone with a Goldwater sticker on his forehead. So heartbroken was Goldwater at that time that he gave out a blunt statement, which further added to his criticism, i.e. â€Å"This is a great country, where anybody can grow up to be president...except me† (â€Å"Barry Goldwater†). Liberals were the actual culprits who misinterpreted him through media but in actuality, he was a staunch conservative with strong and practical thoughts, which if implemented, could have out casted the liberals. In the presidential elections of 1964 he was stereotyped as a nuclear war monger by the media. This was reinforced again and again by airing a television ad where a child was shown picking daisies counting down each petal till it reached one and then an atomic bomb exploding into a mushroom cloud with an announcer announcing in the background that these are the stakes so better vote for Johnson. By using tactics such as these, Goldwate r was highly misrepresented. Initially the liberals termed him as a racist because they said that he was a segregationist who would not allow equality and would not give an equal standing to every individual in the country. It all began when he insisted that he would vote for the approval of 1964 civil rights act if and only if section 2 on equal employment opportunity was removed. From then onwards, started a battle of allegations and misperceptions. People started calling him racist. They were aware