Early Childhood Education A Wise Investment Approach for...

Title Early Childhood Education: A wise investment approach for a better future. 1. Core message There are many benefits from improving quality in Early Child Education services and the trade-off between affordability and quality in these services should not determine the efficiency of this improvement. Even though this latter issue (affordability versus quality) comes to reality and associated dollar cost might impact on families’ budget, it should be explain benefits from this kind of actions. Recommendations That you Note: 1. Investment in Early Childhood Education services boosts economic performance in the future. 2. Promote participation and ensure children from disadvantaged background are benefit from Early Childhood Education†¦show more content†¦Parents’ involvement in social activities and workforce Parents need for childcare to enable them to study, undertake training or participate in other activities outside the home, increasing participation in the workforce, particularly for women, and optimising children’s learning and development. Occasional childcare services are used, for instance, by parents for short periods whilst they attend appointments, do volunteering work or carry out domestic chores, while professionally trained personnel look after and teach their children. 3. Context The discussion is focused on the trade-off between affordability and quality on ECE services. However, this discussion seems to be biased because only considers one single aspect (trade-off) of a universe of aspects that, at least, economic theory provides in regard of improvement in quality of early childhood education services. Also, the discussion provides some opinions with no further support, neither theoretical nor empirical, to help the reader understanding their point of view. 4. Rationale A starting point to better understand benefits of improvement in quality of ECE services is given by the Human Capital Theory which ‘†¦suggests that education or training raises the productivity of workers by imparting useful knowledge and skills, hence raising workers’ future income by increasing their lifetime earnings.’ (Becker, 1964). 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Safety Measures in Factory Free Essays

string(138) " are commonplace in many industries, including manufacturing, mining, construction and agriculture,\[7\] and can be dangerous to workers\." Occupational safety and health From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search â€Å"Occupational hazard† redirects here. For for the Unsane album, see Occupational Hazard. | This article needs additional citations for verification. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Measures in Factory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) | | This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (July 2012) | Part of a series on| Organized labour| | The labour movement[show] * Timeline * New Unionism * Proletariat * Social Movement Unionism * Socialism * Syndicalism * Anarcho-syndicalism| Labour rights[hide] * Child labour * Eight-hour day * Collective bargaining * Occupational safety and health| Trade unions[show] * Trade unions by country * Trade union federations * International comparisons * ITUC * IWA * WFTU| Strike action[show] * Chronological list of strikes * General strike * Secondary action * Sitdown strike * Work-to-rule| Labour parties[show] * Labour Party (UK) * Labour Party (Ireland) * Australian Labor Party * New Zealand Labour Party * List of other Labour parties| Academic disciplines[show] * Industrial relations * Labour economics * Labour history * Labour law| * v * t * e| Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The goals of occupational safety and health programs include to foster a safe and healthy work environment. 1] OSH may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, and many others who might be affected by the workplace environment. Occupational safety and health can be important for moral, legal, and financial reasons. All organisations have a duty of care to ensure that employees and any other person who may be affected by the companies undertaking remain safe at all times. [2] Moral obligations would involve the protection of employee’s lives and health. Legal reasons for OSH practices relate to the preventative, punitive and compensatory effects of laws that protect worker’s safety and health. OSH can also reduce employee injury and illness related costs, including medical care, sick leave and disability benefit costs. OSH may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine, occupational hygiene, public health, safety engineering, industrial engineering, chemistry, health physics, ergonomics and occupational health psychology. Contents  [hide]   * 1 Definition * 2 Workplace hazards * 2. 1 Physical and mechanical hazards * 2. 2 Biological and chemical hazards * 2. 2. 1 Biological hazards * 2. 2. 2 Chemical hazards * 2. 3 Psychological and social issues * 3 Occupational safety and health by industry * 3. 1 Construction * 3. 2 Agriculture * 3. 3 Service sector * 4 Workplace fatalities statistics * 4. European Union * 4. 2 United States * 5 History * 6 Management systems * 6. 1 International * 6. 2 United Kingdom * 7 National legislation and public organizations * 7. 1 European Union * 7. 2 United Kingdom * 7. 3 Denmark * 7. 4 United States * 7. 5 Canada * 7. 6 Malaysia * 7. 7 People’s Republic of China * 7. 8 South Africa * 8 Roles and responsibilities of OSH professionals * 8. 1 Europe * 8. 2 USA * 9 Differences across countries and regions * 10 Identifying safety and health hazards * 10. 1 Hazards, risks, outcomes * 10. 2 Hazard assessment * 10. Risk assessment * 11 Contemporary developments * 11. 1 Nanotechnology * 12 Occupational health psychology * 13 Occupational health and safety education * 14 See also * 14. 1 Government organizations * 14. 2 Laws * 14. 3 Related fields * 15 References * 16 Further reading * 17 External links| [edit] Definition Workers cutting Marble without any protective gear, Indore, India. Since 1950, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have shared a common definition of occupational health. It was adopted by the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health at its first session in 1950 and revised at its twelfth session in 1995. The definition reads: â€Å"Occupational health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. â€Å"The main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives: (i) the maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and working capacity; (ii) the improvement of working environment and work to become conducive to safety and health and (iii) development of work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and safety at work and in doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance productivity of the undertakings. The concept of working culture is intended in this context to mean a reflection of the essential value systems adopted by the undertaking concerned. Such a culture is reflected in practice in the managerial systems, personnel policy, principles for participation, training policies and quality management of the undertaking. † —Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health[3] [edit] Workplace hazards [edit] Physical and mechanical hazards At-risk workers without appropriate safety equipment Physical hazards are a common source of injuries in many industries. [4] They are perhaps unavoidable in many industries such as construction and mining, but over time people have developed safety methods and procedures to manage the risks of physical danger in the workplace. Employment of children may pose special problems. 5] Falls are a common cause of occupational injuries and fatalities, especially in construction, extraction, transportation, healthcare, and building cleaning and maintenance. [6] An engineering workshop specialising in the fabrication and welding of components has to follow the Personal Protective Equipment (P PE) at work regulations 1992. It is an employers duty to provide ‘all equipment (including clothing affording protection against the weather) which is intended to be worn or held by a person at work which him against one or more risks to his health and safety’. In a fabrication and welding workshop an employer would be required to provide face and eye protection, safety footwear, overalls and other necessary PPE. Machines are commonplace in many industries, including manufacturing, mining, construction and agriculture,[7] and can be dangerous to workers. You read "Safety Measures in Factory" in category "Papers" Many machines involve moving parts, sharp edges, hot surfaces and other hazards with the potential to crush, burn, cut, shear, stab or otherwise strike or wound workers if used unsafely. [8] Various safety measures exist to minimize these hazards, including lockout-tagout procedures for machine maintenance and roll over protection systems for vehicles. [8] According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, machine-related injuries were responsible for 64,170 cases that required days away from work in 2008. More than a quarter of these cases required more than 31 days spent away from work. That same year, machines were the primary or secondary source of over 600 work-related fatalities. [9] Machines are also often involved indirectly in worker deaths and injuries, such as in cases in which a worker slips and falls, possibly upon a sharp or pointed object. Confined spaces also present a work hazard. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health defines â€Å"confined space† as having limited openings for entry and exit and unfavorable natural ventilation, and which is not intended for continuous employee occupancy. These kind of spaces can include storage tanks, ship compartments, sewers, and pipelines. [10] Confined spaces can pose a hazard not just to workers, but also to people who try to rescue them. Noise also presents a fairly common workplace hazard: occupational hearing loss is the most common work-related injury in the United States, with 22 million workers exposed to hazardous noise levels at work and an estimated $242 million spent annually on worker’s compensation for hearing loss disability. [11] Noise is not the only source of occupational hearing loss; exposure to chemicals such as aromatic solvents and metals including lead, arsenic, and mercury can also cause hearing loss. [12] Temperature extremes can also pose a danger to workers. Heat stress can cause heat stroke, exhaustion, cramps, and rashes. Heat can also fog up safety glasses or cause sweaty palms or dizziness, all of which increase the risk of other injuries. Workers near hot surfaces or steam also are at risk for burns. [13] Dehydration may also result from overexposure to heat. Cold stress also poses a danger to many workers. Overexposure to cold conditions or extreme cold can lead to hypothermia, frostbite, trench foot, or chilblains. [14] Electricity poses a danger to many workers. Electrical injuries can be divided into four types: fatal electrocution, electric shock, burns, and falls caused by contact with electric energy. [15] Vibrating machinery, lighting, and air pressure can also cause work-related illness and injury. Asphyxiation is another potential work hazard in certain situations. Musculoskeletal disorders are avoided by the employment of good ergonomic design and the reduction of repeated strenuous movements or lifts [edit] Biological and chemical hazards [edit] Biological hazards See also: Biological hazards * Bacteria * Virus * Fungi * Mold * Blood-borne pathogens * Tuberculosis [edit] Chemical hazards * Acids * Bases * Heavy metals * Lead * Solvents * Petroleum * Particulates * Asbestos and other fine dust/fibrous materials * Silica * Fumes (noxious gases/vapors) * Highly-reactive chemicals * Fire, conflagration and explosion hazards: * Explosion * Deflagration * Detonation * Conflagration [edit] Psychological and social issues * Work-related stress, whose causal factors include excessive working time and overwork * Violence from outside the organisation * Bullying, which may include emotional and verbal abuse * Sexual harassment * Mobbing Burnout * Exposure to unhealthy elements during meetings with business associates, e. g. tobacco, uncontrolled alcohol [edit] Occupational safety and health by industry Specific occupational safety and health concerns vary greatly by sector and industry. Construction workers might be particularly at risk of falls, for ins tance, whereas fishermen might be particularly at risk of drowning. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics identifies the fishing, aviation, lumber, metalworking, agriculture, mining and transportation industries as among some of the more dangerous for workers. [16] [edit] Construction See also: Construction site safety Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union. [17][18] In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all workers. [17] Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. [17] Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry. [19] Health and safety legislation in the construction industry involves many rules and regulations. For example, the role of the Construction Design Management (CDM) Coordinator as a requirement has been aimed at improving health and safety on-site. [20] [edit] Agriculture See also: Agriculture Rollover protection bar on a Fordson tractor. Agriculture workers are often at risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, noise-induced hearing loss, skin disease, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use or prolonged sun exposure. On industrialized farms, injuries frequently involve the use of agricultural machinery. The most common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in the United States is tractor rollovers, which can be prevented by the use of roll over protection structures which limit the risk of injury in case a tractor rolls over. 21] Pesticides and other chemicals used in farming can also be hazardous to worker health, and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illnesses or birth defects. [22] As an industry in which families, including children, commonly work alo ngside their families, agriculture is a common source of occupational injuries and illnesses among younger workers. [23] Common causes of fatal injuries among young farm worker include drowning, machinery and motor vehicle-related accidents. [24] [edit] Service sector As the number of service sector jobs has risen in developed countries, more and more jobs have become sedentary, presenting a different array of health problems than those associated with manufacturing and the primary sector. Contemporary problems such as the growing rate of obesity and issues relating to stress and overwork in many countries have further complicated the interaction between work and health. [edit] Workplace fatalities statistics [edit] European Union In most countries males comprise the vast majority of workplace fatalities. In the EU as a whole, 94% of death were of males. [25] In the UK the disparity was even greater with males comprising 97. 4% of workplace deaths. [26][27] [edit] United States The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor compiles information about workplace fatalities in the United States. Since 1992, the year with the most workplace fatalities was 1994 with 6,632 fatalities, and the lowest in 2002 with 5,534. The Bureau also compiles information about the most dangerous jobs. The most recent information comes from the year 2006, during which 5,840 people died on the job. Job| Fatalities| Fatalities per 100,000 employees| Fishermen| 53| 152. 0| Pilots| 104| 70. 6| Timber cutter| 66| 93. 5| Structural metal workers| 36| 61. 0| Waste collectors| 37| 29. 8| Farmers and ranchers| 292| 42. 5| Power-line workers| 38| 34. 9| Miners| 156| 37. 0| Roofers| 81| 32. 4| Truck drivers| 957| 23. 0| All occupations| 5,840| 4. 0| [edit] History The research and regulation of occupational safety and health are a relatively recent phenomenon. As labor movements arose in response to worker concerns in the wake of the industrial revolution, worker’s health entered consideration as a labor-related issue. In 1833, HM Factory Inspectorate was formed in the United Kingdom with a remit to inspect factories and ensure the prevention of injury to child textile workers. In 1840 a Royal Commission published its findings on the state of conditions for the workers of the mining industry that documented the appallingly dangerous environment that they had to work in and the high frequency of accidents. The commission sparked public outrage which resulted in the Mines Act of 1842. The act set up an inspectorate for mines and collieries which resulted in many prosecutions and safety improvements, and by 1850, inspectors were able to enter and inspect premises at their discretion. [28] Harry McShane, age 16, 1908. Pulled into machinery in a factory in Cincinnati. His arm was ripped off at the shoulder and his leg broken. No compensation paid. Photograph by Lewis Hine. Otto von Bismarck inaugurated the first social insurance legislation in 1883 and the first worker’s compensation law in 1884 – the first of their kind in the Western world. Similar acts followed in other countries, partly in response to labor unrest. [29] [edit] Management systems [edit] International In 2001, the International Labor Organization (ILO) published ILO-OSH 2001, also titled â€Å"Guidelines a on occupational safety and health management systems† to assist organizations with introducing OSH management systems. 30] These guidelines encourage continual improvement in employee health and safety, achieved via a constant process of policy, organization, planning ; implementation, evaluation, and action for improvement, all supported by constant auditing to determine the success of OSH actions. [30] Th e ILO management system was created to assist employers to keep pace with rapidly shifting and competitive industrial environments. The ILO recognizes that national legislation is essential, but sometimes insufficient on its own to address the challenges faced by industry, and therefore elected to ensure free and open distribution of administrative tools in the form of occupational health and safety management system guidance for everyone. This open access forum is intended to provide the tools for industry to create safe and healthy working environments and foster positive safety cultures within the organizations. citation needed] OHSAS 18000 is an international occupational health and safety management system specification developed by the London-based BSI Group, a multinational business chiefly concerned with the production and distribution of standards related services. OHSAS 18000 comprises two parts, OHSAS 18001 and 18002 and embraces a number of other publications. OHSAS 1800 0 is the internationally recognized assessment specification for occupational health and safety management systems. It was developed by a selection of leading trade bodies, international standards and certification bodies to address a gap where no third-party certifiable international standard exists. This internationally recognized specification for ccupational health and safety management system operates on the basis of policy, planning, implementation and operation, checking and corrective action, management review, and continual improvement. [citation needed] The British Standards – Occupational Health and Safety management Systems Requirements Standard BS OHSAS 18001 was developed within the framework of the ISO standards series. Allowing it to integrate better into the larger system of ISO certifications. ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems and ISO 14001 Environmental Management System can work in tandem with BS OHSAS 18001/18002 to complement each other and form a bett er overall system. Each component of the system is specific, auditable, and accreditable by a third party after review. 31] Also Standards Australia and the Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) in France have developed occupational safety and health management standards. [32] [edit] United Kingdom Guidance note HSG65: Successful Health and Safety Management, published by the British non-departmental public body Health and Safety Executive, promotes a systematic management of health and safety through a six step system, policy, organizing, planning and implementing, measuring performance, reviewing performance. These components are all linked to an audit system providing for evaluation and a feedback loop to improve performance. [33] This systematic approach allows flexibility for the company through good business planning to strategically apply resources according to risk priorities. edit] National legislation and public organizations Occupational safety and health practic e vary among nations with different approaches to legislation, regulation, enforcement, and incentives for compliance. In the EU, for example, some member states promote OSH by providing public monies as subsidies, grants or financing, while others have created tax system incentives for OSH investments. A third group of EU member states has experimented with using workplace accident insurance premium discounts for companies or organisations with strong OSH records. [34] The number of OSH personnel employed to ensure compliance to OSH rules varies markedly between countries. [35] [edit] European Union In the European Union, member states have enforcing authorities to ensure that the basic legal requirements relating to occupational health and safety are met. In many EU countries, there is strong cooperation between employer and worker organisations (e. g. unions) to ensure good OSH performance as it is recognized this has benefits for both the worker (through maintenance of health) and the enterprise (through improved productivity and quality). In 1996, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work was founded. Member states of the European Union have all transposed into their national legislation a series of directives that establish minimum standards on occupational health and safety. These directives (of which there are about 20 on a variety of topics) follow a similar structure requiring the employer to assess the workplace risks and put in place preventive measures based on a hierarchy of control. This hierarchy starts with elimination of the hazard and ends with personal protective equipment. However, certain EU member states admit to having lacking quality control in occupational safety services, to situations in which risk analysis takes place without any on-site workplace visits and to insufficient implementation of certain EU OSH directives. Based on this, it is hardly surprising that the total societal costs of work-related health problems and accidents vary from 2. 6% to 3. 8% of GNP between the EU member states. [36] [edit] United Kingdom In the UK, health and safety legislation is drawn up and enforced by the Health and Safety Executive and local authorities (the local council) under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. [37] Increasingly in the UK the regulatory trend is away from prescriptive rules, and towards risk assessment. Recent major changes to the laws governing asbestos and fire safety management embrace the concept of risk assessment. [edit] Denmark In Denmark, occupational safety and health is regulated by the Danish Act on Working Environment and cooperation at the workplace. [38] The Danish Working Environment Authority carries out inspections of companies, draws up more detailed rules on health and safety at work and provides information on health and safety at work. 39] The result of each inspection is made public on the web pages of the Danish Working Environment Authority so that the general public, current and prospective employees, customers and other stakeholders can inform themselves abo ut whether a given organization has passed the inspection, should they wish to do so. [40] [edit] United States In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 created both the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). [41] OSHA, in the U. S. Department of Labor, is responsible for developing and enforcing workplace safety and health regulations. NIOSH, in the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, is focused on research, information, education, and training in occupational safety and health. 42] OSHA has been regulating occupational safety and health since 1971. Occupational safety and health regulation of a limited number of specifically defined industries was in place for several decades before that, and broad regulations by some individual states was in place for many years prior to the establishment of OSHA. [edit] Canada In Canada, workers are covered by provincial or federal labour codes depending on the sector in which they work. Workers covered by federal legislation (including those in mining, transportation, and federal employment) are covered by the Canada Labour Code; all other workers are covered by the health and safety legislation of the province they work in. The Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), an agency of the Government of Canada, was created in 1978 by an Act of Parliament. The act was based on the belief that all Canadians had â€Å"†¦ a fundamental right to a healthy and safe working environment. † CCOHS is mandated to promote safe and healthy workplaces to help prevent work-related injuries and illnesses. [edit] Malaysia In Malaysia, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) under the Ministry of Human Resource is responsible to ensure that the safety, health and welfare of workers in both the public and private sector is upheld. DOSH is responsible to enforce the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. [edit] People’s Republic of China In the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Health is responsible for occupational disease prevention and the State Administration of Work Safety for safety issues at work. On the provincial and municipal level, there are Health Supervisions for occupational health and local bureaus of Work Safety for safety. The â€Å"Occupational Disease Control Act of PRC† came into force on May 1, 2002. [43] and Work safety Act of PRC on November 1, 2002. [44] The Occupational Disease Control Act is under revising. The prevention of occupational disease is still in its initial stage compared with industried countries such as the US or UK. [edit] South Africa In South Africa the Department of Labour is responsible for occupational health and safety inspection and enforcement in commerce and industry apart from mining and energy production, where the Department of Mineral Resources is responsible. The main statutory legislation on Health and Safety in the jurisdiction of the Department of Labour is Act No. 85 of 1993: Occupational Health and Safety Act as amended by Occupational Health and Safety Amendment Act, No. 181 Of 1993. Regulations to the OHS Act include: * Certificate of Competency Regulations, 1990[45] * Construction Regulations, 2003 * Diving Regulations 2009 [46] * Driven Machinery Regulations, 1988 [47] * Environmental Regulations for Workplaces, 1987[48] * General Machinery regulations, 1988[49] * General Safety Regulations, 1986[50] Noise induced hearing loss regulations, 2003[51] * Pressure Equipment Regulations, 2004 [edit] Roles and responsibilities of OSH professionals The roles and responsibilities of OSH professionals vary regionally, but may include evaluating working environments, developing, endorsing and encouraging measures that might prevent injuries and illnesses, providing OSH information to employers, employees, and the public, providing medical examinations, and assessing the success of worker health programs. [edit] Europe In Norway, the main required tasks of an Occupational Health and Safety Practitioner include: * Systematic evaluations of the working environment Endorsing preventative measures which eliminate reasons for illnesses in the work place * Giving information in the subject of employees’ health * Giving information on occupational hygiene, ergonomics and also environmental and safety risks in the work place[52] In the Netherlands, required tasks for health and safety staff are only summarily defined, and include: * Voluntary medical examinations * A consulting room on the work environment for the workers * Health check assessments (if needed for the job concerned)[ 53] ‘The main influence on the Dutch law on the job of the safety professional is through the requirement on each employer to use the services of a certified working conditions service to advise them on health and safety’. 53] A ‘certified service’ must employ sufficient numbers of four types of certified experts to cover the risks in the organisations which use the service: * A safety professional * An occupational hygienist * An occupational physician * A work and organisation specialist. [53] It shows in Table 1 (based on the European Network of Safety and Health Practitioner Organisations [ENHSPO] survey to) that in Norway, 37% of Health and Safety practitioners had a MSc education level, and 14% in the Netherlands; 44% were BSc graduates and 63% in the Netherlands; and 19% were of a Technician level and 23% in the Netherlands. [53] [edit] USA Leather craftsman gloves, safety goggles, and a properly fitted hardhat are crucial for proper safety in a cons truction environment. The main tasks undertaken by the OHS practitioner in the USA include: * Develop processes, procedures, criteria, requirements, and methods to attain the best possible management of the hazards and exposures that can cause injury to people, and damage property, or the environment; * Apply good business practices and economic principles for efficient use of resources to add to the importance of the safety processes; * Promote other members of the company to contribute by exchanging ideas and other different approaches to make sure that every one in the corporation possess OHS knowledge and have functional roles in the development and execution of safety procedures; * Assess services, outcomes, methods, equipment, workstations, and procedures by using qualitative and quantitative methods to recognise the hazards and measure the related risks; * Examine all possibilities, effectiveness, reliability, and expenditure to attain the best results for the company concerned[54] Knowledge requir ed by the OHS professional in USA include: Constitutional and case law controlling safety, health, and the environment * Operational procedures to plan/develop safe work practices * Safety, health and environmental sciences * Design of hazard control systems (i. e. fall protection, scaffoldings) * Design of recordkeeping systems that take collection into account, as well as storage, interpretation, and dissemination * Mathematics and statistics * Processes and systems for attaining safety through design[55] Some skills required by the OHS professional in the USA include (but are not limited to): * Understanding and relating to systems, policies and rules * Holding checks and having control methods for possible hazardous exposures * Mathematical and statistical analysis Examining manufacturing hazards * Planning safe work practices for systems, facilities, and equipment * Understanding and using safety, health, and environmental science information for the improvement of procedures * Interpersonal communication skills[55] [edit] Differences across countries and regions Because different countries take different approaches to ensuring occupational safety and health, areas of OSH need and focus also vary between countries and regions. Similar to the findings of the ENHSPO survey conducted in Australia, the Institute of Occupational Medicine found that in the UK, there is a need to put a greater emphasis on work-related illness. 56] In contrast, in Australia and the USA a major responsibility of the OHS professional is to keep company directors and managers aware of the issues that they face in regards to Occupational Health and Safety principles and legislation. However, in some other areas of Europe, it is precisely this which has been lacking: â€Å"Nearly half of senior managers and company directors do not have an up-to-date understanding of their health and safety-related duties and responsibilities. † [57] [edit] Identifying safety and health hazards [edit] Hazards, risks, outcomes The terminology used in OSH varies between countries, but generally speaking: * A hazard is something that can cause harm if not controlled. * The outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled hazard. A risk is a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved. [citation needed] â€Å"Hazard†, â€Å"risk†, and â€Å"outcome† are used in other fields to describe e. g. environmental damage, or damage to equipment. However, in the context of OSH, â€Å"harm† generally describes the direct or indirect degradation, temporary or permanent, of the physical, mental, or social well-being of workers. For example, repetitively carrying out manual handling of heavy objects is a hazard. The outcome could be a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) or an acute back or joint injury. The risk can be expressed numerically (e. g. a 0. or 50/50 chance of the outcome occurring during a year), in relative terms (e. g. â€Å"high/medium/low†), or with a multi-dimensional classification scheme (e. g. situation-specific risks). [citation needed] [edit] Hazard assessment Hazard analysis or hazard assessment is a process in which individual hazards of the workplace are identified, assessed and controlled/eliminated as close to source (location of the hazard) as reasonable and possible. As technology, resources, social expectation or regulatory requirements change, hazard analysis focuses controls more closely toward the source of the hazard. Thus hazard control is a dynamic program of prevention. Hazard-based programs also have the advantage of not assigning or implying there are â€Å"acceptable risks† in the workplace. A hazard-based program may not be able to eliminate all risks, but neither does it accept â€Å"satisfactory†Ã¢â‚¬â€but still risky—outcomes. And as those who calculate and manage the risk are usually managers while those exposed to the risks are a different group, workers, a hazard-based approach can by-pass conflict inherent in a risk-based approach. [citation needed] [edit] Risk assessment Further information: Risk assessment#Risk assessment in public health Modern occupational safety and health legislation usually demands that a risk assessment be carried out prior to making an intervention. It should be kept in mind that risk management requires risk to be managed to a level which is as low as is reasonably practical. [citation needed] This assessment should: * Identify the hazards * Identify all affected by the hazard and how * Evaluate the risk * Identify and prioritize appropriate control measures[citation needed] The calculation of risk is based on the likelihood or probability of the harm being realized and the severity of the consequences. This can be expressed mathematically as a quantitative assessment (by assigning low, medium and high likelihood and severity with integers and multiplying them to obtain a risk factor), or qualitatively as a description of the circumstances by which the harm could arise. citation needed] The assessment should be recorded and reviewed periodically and whenever there is a significant change to work practices. The assessment should include practical recommendations to control the risk. Once recommended controls are implemented, the risk should be re-calculated to determine of it has been lowered to an acceptable level. Generally speaking, newly introduced controls should lower risk by one level, i. e. , from high to medium or from medium to low. [citation needed] [edit] Contemporary developments On an international scale, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) have begun focusing on labour environments in developing nations with projects such as Healthy Cities. 58] Many of these developing countries are stuck in a situation in which their relative lack of resources to invest in OSH leads to increased costs due to work-related illnesses and accidents. As a 2007 Factsheet from the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work states: â€Å"Countries with less developed OSH systems spend a far higher percentage of GDP on work-related injury and illness — taking resources away from more productive activities . . . The ILO estimates that work-related illness and accidents cost up to 10% of GDP in Latin America, compared with just 2. 6% to 3. 8% in the EU. â€Å"[59] [edit] Nanotechnology See also: Health implications of nanotechnology Nanotechnology is an example of a new, relatively unstudied technology. A Swiss survey of one hundred thirty eight companies using or producing nanoparticulate matter in 2006, resulted in forty completed questionnaires. Sixty five per cent of respondent companies stated they did not have a formal risk assessment process for dealing with nanoparticulate matter. [60] Nanotechnology already presents new issues for OSH professionals that will only become more difficult as nanostructures become more complex. The size of the particles renders most containment and personal protective equipment ineffective. The toxicology values for macro sized industrial substances are rendered inaccurate due to the unique nature of nanoparticulate matter. As nanoparticulate matter decreases in size its relative surface area increases dramatically, increasing any catalytic effect or chemical reactivity substantially versus the known value for the macro substance. This presents a new set of challenges in the near future to rethink contemporary measures to safeguard the health and welfare of employees against a nanoparticulate substance that most conventional controls have not been designed to manage. [61] [edit] Occupational health psychology Occupational health psychology (OHP), a related discipline, is a relatively new field that combines elements of occupational health and safety, industrial/organizational psychology, and health psychology. 62] The field is concerned with identifying work-related psychosocial factors that adversely affect the health of people who work. OHP is also concerned with developing ways to effect change in workplaces for the purpose of improving the health of people who work. For more detail on OHP, see the s ection on occupational health psychology. [edit] Occupational health and safety education There are multiple levels of training applicable to the field of Occupational Health and Safety (OSH). Programs range from individual non-credit certificates, focusing on specific areas of concern, to full doctoral programs. The University of Southern California was one of the first schools in the nation to offer a Ph. D. rogram focusing on the field. Further, multiple masters degree programs exist, such as that of the Indiana State University who offer a master of science (MS) and a master of arts (MA) in OSH. Graduate programs are designed to train educators, as well as, high-level practitioners. Many OSH generalists focus on undergraduate studies; programs within schools, such as that of the University of North Carolina’s online Bachelor of Science in Environmental Health and Safety, fill a large majority of hygienist needs. However, smaller companies often don’t have full-time safety specialists on staff, thus, they appoint a current employee to the responsibility. Individuals finding themselves in positions such as these, or for those enhancing marketability in the job-search and promotion arena, may seek out a credit certificate program. For example, the University of Connecticut’s online OSH Certificate [63], provides students, having little or no previous experience, familiarity with overarching concepts through a 15-credit (5-course) program. Programs such as these are often adequate tools in building a strong educational platform for new safety managers with a minimal outlay of time and money. Further, most hygienists seek certification by organizations which train in specific areas of concentration, focusing on isolated workplace hazards. The American Society for Safety Engineers (ASSE), American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH), and American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) offer individual certificates on many different subjects from forklift operation to waste disposal and are the chief facilitators of continuing education in the OSH sector. [edit] See also | Organized labour portal| * Examinetics – mobile occupational health screening * Institute of Occupational Medicine * Occupational disease * Occupational hygiene * Occupational therapy * Prevention through design * Product stewardship * Public safety * Seoul Declaration on Safety and Health at Work * Work accident * Workers’ compensation [edit] Government organizations Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (Canada) * European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU) * Health and Safety Executive (UK) * International Labour Organisation (United Nations) * National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US) * National Ins titute of Occupational Health (Norway) * Occupational Safety and Health Administration (US) * Workplace Safety Health Council (Singapore) * Workplace Safety Insurance Board (Ontario, Canada) * Safe Work Australia * WorkSafe Victoria, Australia * Workplace Safety Health Council, Singapore [edit] Laws * Health and Safety at Work Act (UK) * Occupational Safety and Health Act (US) * Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Malaysia) Timeline of major U. S. environmental and occupational health regulation * Workplace Safety and Health Act (Singapore) [edit] Related fields * Certified safety professional * Construction site safety * Control banding * Environmental health * Human factors and ergonomics/participatory ergonomics * Hazard analysis * Hazard prevention * Hazop * Hearing conservation program * Industrial hygiene * Industrial engineering * Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute * Infection control * Loss-control consultant * Material safety data sheet * Mi ne safety * Occupational health psychology * Occupational medicine Occupational disease Occupational fatality * Process safety management * Public health * Safety engineering * Toxicology [edit] References 1. ^ Oak Ridge National Lab Safety Document http://www. ornl. gov 2. ^ â€Å"Employers Safe Working Practices, Health Safety Policy†. Citation. co. uk. http://www. citation. co. uk/health-and-safety/safe-working-practices. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 3. ^ â€Å"Occupational Health Services And Practice†. Ilo. org. http://www. ilo. org/safework_bookshelf/english? contentnd=857170174. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 4. ^ â€Å"Hazardous Work†. International Labour Organization. http://www. ilo. org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/lang–en/index. htm. Retrieved December 26, 2012. 5. ^ International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) (2011). Children in hazardous work What we know What we need to do. International Labour Organization. ISBN  978-92-2-124918-4. Retrieved December 26, 2012. 6. ^ â€Å"Fall Injuries Prevention in the Workplace†. NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/falls/. Retrieved July 12, 2012. 7. ^ â€Å"International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations (HDO)†. International Labour Organization. http://www. ilo. org/safework/info/publications/WCMS_113135/lang–en/index. htm. Retrieved December 26, 2012. The International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations is a multipurpose information resource containing information on the hazards, risks and notions of prevention related to a specific occupation. The datasheets are intended for those professionally concerned with health and safety at work. † 8. ^ a b â€Å"Machine Safety†. NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/machine/. Retrieved 11 July 2012. 9. ^ Harris, James R. and Richard S. Current. â€Å"Machine Safety: New Updated Consensus Standards†. Prof Saf 2012 May; 57(5):50-57. http://www. asse. org/professionalsafety/pastissues/057/05/F1Har_0512. pdf 10. â€Å"Confined Spaces†. Workplace Safety Health Topics. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/confinedspace/. Retrieved 3 August 2012. 11. ^ â€Å"Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention†. Workplace Safety Health Topics. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/noise/. Retrieved 3 August 2012. 12. ^ â€Å"Preventing Occupational Hearing Loss: A Practical Guide†. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 1996. http://www. cdc. go v/niosh/docs/96-110/pdfs/96-110. pdf. Retrieved 3 August 2012. 13. ^ â€Å"Heat Stress†. NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/. Retrieved 8 August 2012. 14. ^ â€Å"Cold Stress†. NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/coldstress/. Retrieved 9 August 2012. 15. ^ â€Å"Electrical Safety†. NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/electrical/. Retrieved 7 August 2012. 16. ^ â€Å"Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities 2010†. Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities. Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www. bls. gov/iif/. Retrieved 9 August 2012. 17. a b c â€Å"Construction Safety and Health†. Workplace Safety Health Topics. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/construction/. Retrieved 3 August 2012. 18. ^ â€Å"Health and safety at work statistics†. eurostat. European Commission. http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/statistics_explained/index. php/Health_and_safety_at_work_statistics. Retrieved 3 August 2012. 19. ^ â€Å"OSHA’s Fall Prevention Campaign†. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. http://www. osha. gov/stopfalls/. Retrieved 6 August 2012. 20. ^ â€Å"Health and safety in the Construction Industry†. Veritas Consulting. 11 March 2009. http://www. veritas-consulting. co. k/blog/health-and-safety-in-the-construction-industry/. Retrieved 20 March 2013. 21. ^ â€Å"NIOSH Workplace Safety ; Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries†. Cdc. gov. 2012-07-13. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 22. ^ â€Å"NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farmworkers†. Cdc. gov. 2009-07-31. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/docs/2012-108/. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 23. ^ â€Å"NIOSH Alert: Preventing Deaths, Injuries, and Illnesses of Young Workers† (PDF). http://www. c dc. gov/niosh/docs/2003-128/pdfs/2003128. PDF. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 24. ^ â€Å"NIOSH Workplace Safety ; Health Topic: Agriculture†. Cdc. gov. http://www. cdc. gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 25. ^ â€Å"The Vienna Declaration on the health of men and boys in Europe†. European Men’s Health Forum. http://www. emhf. org/resource_images/Vienna_Declaration_Bgrd_Doc. pdf. Retrieved 20 March 2013. 26. ^ [1][dead link] 27. ^ [2][dead link] 28. ^ USA (2013-01-30). â€Å"An Account of the Founding of H. M. Inspectorate of Mines and the Work of the First Inspector Hugh Seymour Tremenheere†. Ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1039202/? page=2. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 29. ^ Abrams, Herbert K. â€Å"A Short History of Occupational Health†. Journal of Public Health Policy 22 (1): 34–80. Retrieved 9 August 2012. 30. a b http://www. ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/pub lication/wcms_publ_9221116344_en. pdf 31. ^ â€Å"BS OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety†. BSI Group. http://www. bsigroup. com/en/Assessment-and-certification-services/management-systems/St andards-and-Schemes/BSOHSAS-18001/. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 32. ^ Pun, K. -F. , R. C. M. Yam W. G. Lewis (2003): â€Å"Safety management system registration in the shipping industry†, International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 704-721. 33. ^ â€Å"Successful health and safety management – HSG65†. Hse. gov. uk. 2012-06-18. http://www. hse. gov. k/pubns/books/hsg65. htm. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 34. ^ See European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2004): â€Å"Effectiveness of economic incentives to improve occupational safety and health†, Forum # 14, Bilbao, Spain: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, ISBN 92-9191-119-4, http://osha. europa. eu/en/publications/forum/14/view or Elsler, D. (2007): â€Å"European Comparison of Economic Incentives in Occupational Safety and Health†, in C. Berlin L. -O. Bligard (Eds): Proceedings of the 39th Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference, October 1 – 3 2007 in L ysekil, Sweden, downloadable from: http://www. nes2007. se/papers/A67_Elsler. pdf. 5. ^ Based on p. 475 of European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2000): Monitoring the state of occupational safety and health in the European Union – Pilot Study, Bilbao, Spain: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, ISBN 92-95007-00-X, downloadable from: http://osha. europa. eu/en/publications/reports/401 and p. 148 of European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2001): Monitoring the state of occupational safety and health in the EFTA Countries – Pilot Study, Bilbao, Spain: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, ISBN 92-95007-19-0, downloadable from: http://osha. europa. eu/en/publications/reports/403. 36. ^ See p. -4 of European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2001): â€Å"Quality of Work ‘A future Community strategy for safety and health at work’, FORUM # 1, downloadable from: http://osha. europa. eu/en/publications/forum/1/view. 37. ^ Hea lth and Safety Executive (2009): A Guide to Safety and Health Regulation in Great Britain. 4th edition. ISBN 978-0-7176-6319-4, http://www. hse. gov. uk/pubns/web42. pdf. 38. ^ Danish government web page â€Å"How a good working environment is secured in Denmark†, http://www. nyidanmark. dk/en-us/Integration/online_danish/working_in_denmark/occupational_safety_and_health_at_the_workplace/how_a_good_working_environment_is_secured_in_denmark. htm. 39. ^ English web pages of the Danish Working Environment Authority, http://arbejdstilsynet. dk/en/engelsk/wea. aspx 40. The inspection results can be found from the main page of the Danish Working Environment Authority at: http://arbejdstilsynet. dk/da/ under the heading â€Å"Smiley Status†. See also http://arbejdstilsynet. dk/en/engelsk/inspection/smiley-26-6-07. aspx. 41. ^ Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 42. ^ About NIOSH. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. 43. ^ â€Å"Occupational Disease Control Act of the People’s Republic of China† http://www. gov. cn/banshi/2005-08/01/content_19003. htm 44. ^ â€Å"The Work Safety Act of the People’s Republic of China† http://www. gov. cn/ztzl/2006-05/27/content_292725. htm 45. ^ Government Notice. R: 533, 16 March 1990 46. Diving Regulations 2009 of the South African Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993. Government notice R41, Government Gazette #32907 of 29 January 2010, Government Printer, Pretoria 47. ^ Government Notice. R: 295, 26 February 1988 48. ^ Government Notice. R: 2281, 16 October 1987 49. ^ Government Notice. R: 1521 of 5 August 1988 50. ^ Government Notice. R: 1031, 30 May 1986 51. ^ Government Gazette, No. R. 307 7 March 2003 52. ^ Hale A, Ytehus I, 2004, ‘Changing requirements for the safety profession: roles and tasks’, Journal of Occupational Health Safety – Australia and New Zealand 53. ^ a b c d Hale, A et alia. 2004 54. Board of Certified Safety Professionals, 2012, â€Å"Safety Fundamentals† and â€Å"Comprehensive Practice† blueprints, accessed 17 February at http://www. bcsp. org/csp 55. ^ a b Board of Certified Safety Professionals, 2012 56. ^ Anonymous. 2008. ‘Occupational Health’, Health and Safety News: In Brief, Vol 60, Iss. 3; UK. pg. 6 57. ^ Paton, Nic. 2008. ‘Senior Managers Fail to Show Competence in Health and Safety’ Occupational Health, Vol. 60, Iss. 3; pg. 6 58. ^ Swuste, P. , Eijkemans, G. â€Å"Occupational safety, health, and hygiene in the urban informal sector of Sub-Saharan Africa: An application of the prevention and control exchange (PACE) program to the†¦ International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. Abel Publications Services Inc. 2002. 59. ^ European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2007): Facts 76/EN National economics and occupational safety and health. Bilbao, Spain: European Agency for Safe ty and Health at Work, ISSN 1681-2123. 60. ^ â€Å"Risks and nanotechnology: the public is more concerned than experts and industry†. Nature Publishing Group. 2007. http://www. innovationsgesellschaft. ch/images/fremde_publikationen/Nature_Public_concern. pdf. Retrieved 20 March 2013. 61. ^ â€Å"Nanotechnology risks – the real issues†. Nanowerk. com. doi:10. 1016/j. techsoc. 2004. 10. 005. http://www. nanowerk. com/spotlight/spotid=1781. php. Retrieved 2013-02-15. 62. ^ Everly, G. S. , Jr. (1986). An introduction to occupational health psychology. P. A. Keller ; L. G. Ritt (Eds. ), Innovations in clinical practice: A source book, Vol. 5 (pp. 331-338). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange. 63. ^ â€Å"University of Connecticut Online OSH Certificate†. http://oshcertificate. uconn. edu. Retrieved 11 March 2013. [edit] Further reading * Health and Safety Executive (2009): A Guide to Safety and Health Regulation in Great Britain. 4th edition. ISBN 978-0-7176-6319-4, http://www. hse. gov. uk/pubns/web42. pdf * Koester, Frank (April 1912). â€Å"Our Stupendous Yearly Waste: The Death Toll of Industry†. The World’s Work: A History of Our Time. XXIII: 713–715. Retrieved 2009-07-10. * OSAH Safety 1 * Ladou, Joseph (2006). Current Occupational Environmental Medicine (4th ed. ). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN  0-07-144313-4. * Roughton, James (2002). Developing an Effective Safety Culture: A Leadership Approach (1st ed. ). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN  0-7506-7411-3. * OHSAS 18000 series: (derived from a British Standard, OHSAS is intended to be compatible with ISO 9000 and 14000 series standards, but is not itself an ISO standard) [edit] External links * (US) CDC page on Workplace Safety Health * (EU) Health-EU Portal – Health and Safety at work ILO International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre [show] * v * t * eOccupational safety and health| | | Issues| * Environment, health and safety * Ergonomics * Health physics * Industrial engineering * Occupational hygiene * Risk management * Process safety management * Public health * Safety engineer ing| | | Occupations| * Environmental health * Occupational health nursing * Occupational health psychology * Occupational medicine| | | Organizations| * European Agency for Safety and Health at Work * Health and Safety Executive * International Labour Organization * Occupational Safety and Health Administration * World Health Organization| | [show] * v * t * ePublic health| | | General| * Auxology * Biological hazard * Chief Medical Officer * Deviance (sociology) * Environmental health * Genomics * Globalization and disease * Health economics * Health literacy * Health policy * Health system * Healthcare reform * Public health law * Maternal health * Medical anthropology * Medical sociology * Mental health * Pharmaceutical policy * Public health laboratory * Reproductive health * Social psychology * Sociology of health and illness * Tropical disease| | | Preventive medicine| * Family planning * Health promotion * Human nutrition * Hygiene * Hand washing * Food safety * Infection control * Oral hygiene * Occupational safety and health * Ergonomics * Hygiene * Injury prevention * Medicine * Nursing * Patient safety * organization * Pharmacovigilance * Safe sex * Sanitation * Community-led total sanitation * Sanitary sewer * Waterborne diseases * Water management * Smoking cessation * Vaccination * Vector control| | | Population health| * Biostatistics * Community health * Epidemiology * Global health * Health impact assessment * Health software * Health system * Public health informatics * Social determinants of health * Health equity * Race and health * Social medicine| | | [show]   Organizations, education and history| | | Agencies and organizations| * World Health Organization * Europe * Centre for Disease Prevention and Control * Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety * India * Ministry of Health and Family Welfare * U. 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CV) * Drug testing * e-recruitment * Employment counsellor * Employment reference letter * Executive search * Induction programme * Job fair * Job fraud * Job hunting * Job interview * Lab our brokering * Overqualification * Onboarding * Personality-Job Fit Theory * Person-environment fit * Probation * Resume * Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates * Underemployment * Work-at-home scheme| | | Roles| * Co-op * Employee * Employer * Internship * Job * Numerary * Permanent * Permatemp * Supernumerary * Supervisor * Volunteer| | | Worker class| * Blue-collar * Gold-collar * Green-collar * Grey-collar * Pink-collar * White-collar| | | Career and training| * Apprenticeship * Avocation * Career assessment * Career counseling * Career development * Coaching * Creative class * Education * Continuing education * Continuing professional development * E-learning * Employability * Further education * Graduate school * Induction training * Initial Professional Development * Knowledge worker * Licensure * Lifelong learning * Practice-based professional learning * Professional association * Professional certification * Professional development * Reflective practice * Retraining * Vocational education * Vocational school * Vocational university * Mentorship * Occupational Outlook Handbook * Profession * Tradesman * Vocation| | | Attendance| * Break * Career break * Furlough * Gap year * Leave of absence * Long service leave * No call, no show * Sabbatical * Sick leave * Time clock| | | Schedules| * 35-hour workweek * Eight-hour day * Flextime * Four-day week * Overtime * Retroactive overtime * Shift work * Telecommuting * Working time * Workweek and weekend| | | Wages and salaries| * Income bracket * Living wage * Maximum wage * National average salary * World * Europe * Minimum wage * Canada * Hong Kong * Europe * USA * Overtime rate * Paid time off * Performance-related pay * Salary * Salary cap * Working poor| | | Benefits| * Annual leave * Casual Friday * Day care * Disability insurance * Health insurance * Life insurance * Parental leave * Pension * Sick leave * Take-home vehicle| | | Safety and health| * Epilepsy and employment * Human factors and ergonomics * Industrial noise * Protective clothing * Occupational burnout * Occupational disease * Occupational exposure limit * Occupational health psychology * Occupational injury * Occupational stress * Repetitive strain injury * Sick building syndrome * Work accident * Occupational fatality * Workers’ compensation * Workplace phobia * Workplace wellness| | | Equality| * Affirmative action * Equal pay for women| | | Infractions| * Corporate abuse * Accounting scandals * Corporate behaviour * Corporate crime * Control fraud * Corporate scandals * Discrimination * Dress code * Employee handbook * Employee monitoring * Evaluation * Labour law * Sexual harassment * Sleeping while on duty * Whistleblower * Workplace bullying * Workplace incivility * Workplace killings| | | Willingness| * Civil conscription * Conscription * Dead-end job * Extreme careerism * Job satisfaction * Organizational commitment * McJob * Refusal of work * Slavery * Bonded labor * Human trafficking * Labor camp * Penal labour * Peonage * Truck system * Unfree labour * Wage slavery * Workaholic * Work aversion * Work ethic * Work–life balance * Downshifting * Slow living| | | Termination| * At-will employment * Dismissal * Constructive dismissal * Wrongful dismissal * Employee exit management * Exit interview * Layoff * Pink slip * Resignation * Letter of resignation * Restructuring * Retirement * Mandatory retirement * Retirement age * Severance package * Golden handshake * Golden parachute * Turnover| | | Unemployment| * Depression * Great Depression * Long Depression * Discouraged worker * Frictional unemployment * Full employment * Graduate unemployment * Jobless recovery * Phillips curve * Recession * Great Recession * Great Recession job losses * List of recessions * Recession-proof job * Types of unemployment * Unemployment Convention * Unemployment benefits * Unemployment extension * Unemployment insurance * Unemployment rates * Employment rates * Employment-to-population ratio * Reserve army of labour * Structural unemployment * Technological unemployment * Wage curve * Youth unemployment| | [show] * v * t * eAspects of occupations| | | * Asthma * Burnout * Closure * Crime * Disease * Fatality * Hygiene * Inequality * Injury * Licensing * Lung disease * Medicine * Prestige * Psychology * Psychosis * Rehabilitation * Repetitive strain injury * Safety and health * Science * Segregation * Sexism * Stress * Therapist * Therapy * Therapy in the United Kingdom * Welfare| | | See also Aspects of corporationsAspects of organizationsAspects of workplacesEmployment| | How to cite Safety Measures in Factory, Papers

Celcom (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd Essay Sample free essay sample

Celcom ( Malaysia ) Sdn Bhd. a Technology Resouces Industries ( TRI ) Bhd company has been the taking nomadic cellular operator in Malaysia for the past 10b old ages. Celcom’s chief concern activity is to develop and market Mobile Service such as Celcom GSM and ART 900 and Fixed Services such as Direct Connect. Leased Lines. Equal Access and Virtual Private web ( VPN ) . Within Celcom’s short history in the telecommunications concern. it has ventured into value-added services. the latest being multimedia. Celcom Axiata Berhad provides nomadic communicating services for cutomers in Malaysia. It offers voice. nomadic broadband and electronic mail. roaming. and IDD services. every bit good as telemetry and fixed radio desk phone solutions. The company besides provides a incorporate messaging service that allows users to see a facsimile message via Web ; and Aircash services. which provide instant entree to money via client’s nomadic phone. Celcom Axiata Berhad was o nce known as celcom ( Malaysia ) Berhad and changed its name in December 2009. The company was founded in 1988 and is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Celcom Axiata Berhad operates as a subordinate of Axiata Group Berhad. Company BACKGROUND Celcom started its operation as STM Cellular Communication in 1988 with Fleet Group and Telekom Malaysia as stockholders. Subsequently Telekom Malaysia sold its 51 % shareholding to the TRI group which was controlled by Tajuddin Ramli. Fleet Groups portion interim was transferred to the clip Engineering group which was later sold to TRI. In the initial old ages celcom experienced a enormous growing in subscriber base and web coverage under the stewardship of Rosli Man. the President of the company. It was during his term of office that celcom turned into the taking cellular companies in Malaysia. He left celcom in 1996. When the cellular phone market was opened up in 1995. celcom upgraded to the GSM900 service and rapidly grew to go the largest Mobile phone company in Malysia. Competition shortly sets in and several digital nomadic telephone company compete for market laterality. It was the age of the phenomenal growing of nomadic services. During the Asiatic fiscal crisis in 1997. C elcom’s proprietor. Tan Sri Tajudin Ramli suffered a debt crunch. and his shareholding in Celcom was seized by Danaharta. the national plus restructuring company. Failure to decide his debts resulted in the commanding interest in celcom being sold to Telekom Malaysia. the government-owned incumbent fixed line operator in 2003. Telekom Malaysia proceeded to unify celcom with is ain mobile-operator subordinate TMTouch through a rearward coup detat of TMtouch. Celcom was originally listed on the Bursa Malaysia. but after the amalgamation with Telekom Malaysia Berhad. it has since remained private. Owing to the bad direction of its former direction celcom was as found apt by an arbitration panel in Switzerland for conflicting an understanding signed with Deutsche Telekom AG’s unit. Deteasia in 2002. Celcom is one of the largest telecommunications service suppliers in Malaysia and the part. Its nucleus concern remains postpaid and prepaid nomadic voice services. Celcom has besides achieved important growing in nomadic broadband. m-commerce. enterprise solution and majority wholesale services. Celcom continues to hold the widest web coverage in the state. Through on-going investing in web coverage. capacity and public presentation. celcom intends to keep its engineering leading and place as the country’s best nomadic service supplier ORGANIZATIONAL Structure Shazaili was appointed Chief Executive Officer and Director of celcom on 1 September 2005 while Narain Singh Sidhu is a Chief runing officer of celcom Axiata Bhd. Suresh is presently the Chief corporate and operations officer of celcom. He has been with the Axiata group since 2009. Chrari TVT is a CFO at celcom. Mohamad Farid b. Mohamed Yunus is a Strategy and Business Transformation at celcom. Azri Abdul Rahim is a Chief people Officer at celcom. Afizulazha Abdullah is Chief operation Advance Data at celcom. Anuar bin Rozhan is Chief Solutions officer at celcom. Noor Kamarul Anuar Nuruddin is a Information Technology and Transformation at celcom. Zaiman Aefendy Zainal Abidin is a Senior Vice President of Marketing at celcom. Eric Chong Tiong is a Chief Gross saless and commercial officer at celcom. Abdul Satar Mohamed is a Chief Network Officer at celcom. Jefri Ahmad Tambi is a Regional Operation ( SABAH A ; SARAWAK ) at celcom. Nor Kamarul Anuar Nuruddin its originator behind the widest coverage and best web was entrusted to go on his current function as CTO. Ericson has been celcom’s long standing Spare Parts Management Service ( SPMS ) spouse since 2000. For celcom. the SPMS contract from Ericson offers a future-proof spare parts managing theoretical account. which meansthat it can follow the latest characteristics really rapidly. an of import manner to better its competitory place. Celcom has several subdivisions in Johor and Juman Resources section drama of import functions in their company. All section in Johor Bharu usage IT in their day-to-day direction. For illustration celcom usage meeting conference and e-meeting in their organisation. In order to distribute information they use BBM. samariums and electronic mail. BUSINESS MISSION AND VISION * To delectation clients.* To construct a profitable endeavor that maximizes investors return. * To authorise. develop and honor people. to go Malaysia’s preferable employer. * To construct win-win relationship with all our concern spouses. based on common trust. regard and support. * To work to bridge the digital divide. to construct our state and to heighten its standing abroad. * To keep the highest degrees of transparence. unity and professionalism. Together with all stakeholders. it will do Celcom Malaysia a premium trade name: a trade name that symbolizes the spirit of freedom. aspiration. assurance. dynamism. eternity. catholicity and globalism. ( Celcom Official Website. 2009 ) . SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS. In concern for 20 old ages. celcom was founded as a telecommunications service supplier and has evolved into high quality telecommunications provider across the Malayan market. Dato’ Sri Jamaludin Ibrahim was appointed as director/chairman of celcom ( Malaysia ) berhad on 25 April 2008. He is presently the president and group main executive officer of Axiata group berhad ( once known as Tm International Berhad ) . ( Celcom Official Website. 2009 ) Market SUMMARY. 1. COMPETITIVE FORCE. The competition in the forte advertisement industry is really strong both on local. regional and national degree. doing the Celcom the market leader in Malaysia. Following the gross revenues scheme developed by their local challengers. celcom Malaysia has improved their competitory degree. through developing many telecommunications feature. supplying quality services at considerable monetary value. The competition in the telecommunication industry is really high with the latest debut of a new telecommunications service supplier ( U-mobile ) . Celcom has reduced the cost of samariums from 50 cent to 25 cent and reduced the cost of call from 35 cent to 20 cent per minute. Many other competitory steps are expecte5 | Paged to come in the market shortly every bit good. ( Williams A ; Ferrell 1997. p. 600 ) 2. Barriers TO ENTRY. Basically in Malaysia. telecommunication service is non an oligopolistic concern. There is full freedom of entry once the company have meet up with the demands and is ready to carry through the authorities duties. There are many telecommunications service suppliers in Malaysia. runing from local service suppliers to international service suppliers. This makes the industry a strictly competitory market. Nevertheless. celcom has understood the demand to do clients satisfied and supplying non merely what they need today. but what they will necessitate in the hereafter. Through progressing engineering. they have made it hard for little companies to come in the market. thereby. making barrier to entry for other little companies. ( Williams A ; Ferrell 1997. p. 600 ) 3. Buying POWER ( CUSTOMER ) . In today’s society. consumers have less clip for work and leisure. The trademark features for today’s merchandise are convenience and ease-of-use. In fact. if the merchandise does non salvage clip and is non easy to utilize. clients will merely disregard it. Such is the same for Malayan market. The customer’s political orientation of â€Å"quality service – less price† is still the opinion key to buy. Understanding this is rudimentss in every industry. Have been provided with many picks. the consumers in Malaysia usually go for the best service that offers the least monetary value. ( Williams A ; Ferrell 1997. p. 600 ) . 4. Buying POWER ( SUPPLIER ) .Technology plays the most of import function in this sector of the Malayan market. Manufacturers understand the effects of delayed supply. or deficient supply when the demand and market monetary value is high. This is why they make usage of the best engineering available to supply quality service to their clients. Many providers in Malaysia are more capital oriented than service oriented. This means that they can merely supply you with the best for the highest cost that is a â€Å"more-for-more† selling scheme. 5. POLITICAL FORCE. There are no expected political influences or events that could impact the operation of celcom in Malaysia. This is because ; celcom is a registered company and maps under company commissariats act of the Malayan jurisprudence. ( Williams A ; Ferrell 1997. p. 600 ) . 6. Technological FORCES. Celcom presently offers the best broadband web in Malaysia. Technology is the fastest turning market tendency today. To keep their place as market leader. celcom has enhanced their merchandises technologically to maintain the Malayan telecommunications updated with of all time technological promotion. ( Williams A ; Ferrell 1997. p. 600 ) . 7. CURRENT Selling OBJECTIVES AND PERFORMANCE. Celcom sends personal gross revenues representatives to market their merchandises on possible clients and create service constructs for their concern or pick of order. Specifications are so sent to providers. This enhances more client trueness and relationship with the company. Although some of the clients do travel on recognition. of the one-year gross revenues are obtained from this signifier of marketing gross revenues and this is designed to make their aims of being the market leader and supplying quality services for the client and net income to the company in return. This is a possible advantage they have over their rivals as good. Celcom’s current selling scheme to keep customer-company relationship with possible client. ADVANTAGES. * Celcom maintains a merchandise distinction scheme ensuing from a strong market orientation. committedness to high quality. and customization of merchandises and services. * There is small turnover among well-compensated employees who are liked by clients. The comparatively large size of the staff Fosters communicating and speedy response to client’s demands. * A long-run relationship with the primary providers consequences in shared cognition of the product’s demands. attachment to quality criterions. and a common vision throughout the development and production procedure. * The high per centum of gross revenues. suggest a satisfied client base every bit good as positive word of oral cavity. which generates new concern per twelvemonth. * Bing the oldest telecommunications service supplier in Malaysia. has given celcom a competitory border and increased customer’s trust and trueness to the trade name. DISADVANTAGES. * Celcom’s current installations are crowded ; there is small room for new employers or equipments to suit into the company. * Celcom is reactive instead than assertive in its selling attempts because of its heavy trust on customer’s reaction for merchandise satisfaction. * While the staff size improves growing and communicating. it besides impedes committedness on the side of the staff and deficiency of specialisation. * Both the merchandise line and the client base deficiency variegation. Dependence on current recording equipment rates could shed blood complacence. invite competition. or make false sense of client satisfaction. Development of a merchandise that would supply better quality service by the rivals would likely set celcom out of concern. * The non-seasonality of the merchandises and services creates constriction in productiveness and hard currency flows. topographic points inordinate emphasis on the forces and strains on the installation. * The hapless niche market could be a competitory advantage for their rivals to derive an advantage over them. and this could take to a dramatic lessening in customer’s trueness. * High cost of merchandises and service could change the purchasing power of the consumers. particularly in this clip of planetary recession. RECOMMENDATION. In order to vie with their rivals and survive in the market topographic point. celcom need to do certain that their system and managing is the best among the others. The first recommendation to better the concern of celcom is by constructing their system efficaciously and expeditiously. It can be achieved by survey of the internal and external environment of market topographic point. By utilizing this method. celcom can better their gross revenues and productiveness. For illustration. other than utilizing IT aid Desk to better internal environment. celcom besides can modify their procedure flow and presentment so that it can be faster and easier. Besides that. Celcom besides need to better their coverage. There are a few countries that still face with the job of coverage. Make the instance survey more often to acknowledge the alterations that happen in the populace. Increase the restriction for every base station if necessary in order to do clients can excess to the cyberspace more e asy without coverage job. The other recommendation is by create and increase the trueness of the clients. Celcom can do a trueness plan such as a particular nine for their user. Offer more price reduction to the client by making a celcom client card. The longer the clients stay utilizing celcom. the more they will acquire the price reduction. So. by utilizing this method client will be more involvement to celcom instead than others. CONCLUSION. Information engineering is really of import in all industries particularly celcom. the eldest telecommunication company in Malaysia. Without information engineering. it will be really difficult for people to make out with each other. To reason. celcom is one of the market leaders in the industry. Currently celcom provides many merchandises and services that suites different client demands. runing from economic systems. concern. and household and leisure satisfaction. Without information engineering. celcom will non be able to turn and go one of the most successful companies as it is right now. In add-on. information engineering does consequence its day-to-day operation as it makes the concern procedure more convenient. organized and salvage more clip. Furthermore. as more and more Malaysians look for ways to maintain in touch with each other. celcom’s popularity and quality services has helped pull more clients relationship and trade name trueness every bit good as able to vie with other industries such as Maxis. Digi and uMoblie for a better web coverage and bring forth more grosss in the hereafter. Mentions. * Deusen. C. V. Williamson. S. A ; C. Babson. H. ( 2007 ) . Business Policy and Strategy. United Stages of America ; Aurbach Publication. * Celcom’s Official Website 2009. accessed on 10 July 2009. * John. B A ; Keith. P. 2005. pull offing invention: integrating technological. market and organisation alteration. 3rd Ed. toilet Wiley. England. * William. D A ; Jerome. M 1999. Basic selling: a global-management attack. McGrawhill. London. * World Wide Web. ilokabennethchiemelie. com

Planet X Essays - Astronomical Nomenclature, Planetary Science

Planet X Planet X Is Pluto really a planet? Researchers have been trying to determine whether Pluto is really big enough to be a planet. Over the last few years, the gathered information on Pluto and the discovery of an increasing number of other objects in the outer solar system have been discussed within a group of astronomers (called minor-planets). The planet Pluto is not given the respect of other planets and some have designation to be changed to ?minor planet'. Astronomer Brian Marsden of Harvard Smithsonian Center said if Pluto were discovered seventy years ago, it would be considered a minor planet number. A minor planet is a term used to describe asteroids and most astronomers agree that Pluto is no asteroid. Marsden said it's not a demotion for Pluto to be referred to as the 10,000th minor planet, it is an honor. Some astronomers do not agree with the Brian Marsden theory. Pluto deserves to be considered more than just a minor planet. Most astronomers would probably consider stripping Pluto of is status akin to stripping [the U.S. state of] Connecticut or Vermont of statehood because Texas and Alaska later joined. It was estimated that Pluto contained mass of eleven Earth but dropped rapidly over time. This is what is giving the astronomers a second opinion about being a planet. Pluto is about 1,500 miles in diameter, larger than the largest asteroid. It is known to have density of two grams per cubic centimeter, so is estimated to be sixty percent rock and forty percent ices of frozen nitrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and water. Pluto is tilted 122.5 degrees on its axis. Because of the shape of Pluto's orbit, it actually slips inside of Neptune's orbit once every 248 Earth years for a period of twenty years. Pluto, the planet farthest from the sun, is smaller than Earth's moon. And while other ?major planets' have roughly circular orbits, Pluto carves out a sweeping ellipse that frequently takes it closer than Neptune to the sun. Pluto has one natural satellite, Charon, which is half the size of Pluto. Because Pluto and Charon are comparable is size, many scientists consider them to be a double plant, but many scientists don't consider Pluto a planet at all. Studies conducted using a spectroscope have detected methane frost on Pluto and water frost on Cha ron. Like Triton, Neptune's satellite, Pluto has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane. Pluto's atmosphere appears to extend out to include Charon, which suggests that they may share an atmosphere. Through the Hubble Space Telescope, Charon appears to be bluer in color than Pluto. During the time in its orbit when Pluto is farthest from the Sun, its atmosphere condenses and falls to the surface as frost. Nicholson calls the Pluto debate a ?'Tempest in a teapot' with little effect on the course of solar-system research?. Nicholson also states no matter what we call it, people are not going to stop thinking about Pluto as a member of the Kuiper Belt. All the current discussions about the origin of Pluto starts premise that Pluto is a very big Kuiper Belt object. Transition Neptunian Objects is a new class A'Hearn wants to create for ice balls that orbit beyond Neptune and Pluto would be Transition Neptunian Object number 1. Does this mean Pluto has been demoted? The answer is no. Pluto will have dual classification as a planet and a Transition Neptunian Object, at least for the time being. Astronomy

Critical Language - Scholarship Essay Samples

Critical Language - Scholarship Essay SamplesCritical language is a vital element in any essay. As the topic is often used in everyday speech, critical language can be overlooked in an otherwise well-written essay. You need to make sure that the use of this language is well incorporated into your essay to demonstrate a certain point of view or discuss a particular idea.The use of this language scholarship is essential for any essay or speech that you write. There are many types of language used in the writing process, and there are a number of places where you might want to consider including this as part of your theme. You will find that there are a few areas of this that are critical in all situations.When writing an essay, critical language refers to the words that you use to describe ideas or things that are not clearly understood. This includes long descriptions of words, or the use of the word 'the' to mean 'it'. It can also be used in explaining something to another person. In a communication situation, you may not know what they understand.Another important aspect of critical language is the use of adjectives. In a communication context, you will find that most people prefer more neutral descriptive words like 'interesting', 'intriguing', 'genuine', or 'flattering'. Some other types of words are 'accurate', 'tragic', and 'terrible'. You may use these to describe something if you are trying to avoid a negative evaluation of it.When speaking about the development of language, there are three common areas of critical language that you will find. First, is when you are discussing the development of the English language and its effect on our lives. You may want to avoid using the term 'language', or using 'thinking' as the terms are generally considered to be cultural and do not mean 'real thinking'.Next, you will want to consider the effects of grammar. Whether you use the word 'and'but', you should use it sparingly. On the other hand, if you are saying som ething about the development of a word's use, you should be using this as a free variation of the basic vocabulary of the language.Finally, there are several areas of critical language that you will use when talking about literature. Some topics such as philosophy and religion may also include the use of this language. You should also be aware that the use of this language can sometimes be overused. The word 'well' can be used in almost any situation, and you should consider the context to ensure that you are not giving an impression that you are a poorly educated person.As you can see, critical language is an important element in writing. You will want to make sure that you carefully consider every area and use this as necessary. Writing with this language can actually be very challenging and sometimes confusing. This is why many people turn to scholarship essay samples to get some great examples to practice with.

a Critique of D Day June 6, 1944 essays

a Critique of D' Day June 6, 1944 essays A Critique of 'D-Day June 6,1944: The Climatic battle of WWII' The book D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II was written by Stephen E. Ambrose, and published by Simon & Schuester in New York. This book begins with a prologue that is followed by 32 chapters, a glossary, endnotes, a bibliography, an appendix, and an index. The first ten chapters give the events that lead up to D-Day, it discusses a variety of topics ranging from, general topics like the attackers and the defenders, to topics like what kind of weather conditions would be necessary for the invasion. Chapters 11 through 14 discuss the air invasion that occurred shortly after midnight, and the air and naval bombardment of the beaches prior to the infantry landing on the Normandy shore. Chapters 15 through 25 cover the landings on the beaches and the struggles of the American forces to get up the bluffs and inland. Chapter 26 titled "The World Holds Its Breath", is exactly what it says, it gives a view of the home front during the invasion. Chapters 27 through 31 talk about other allied landings on the beaches. Chapter 32 ends the book by giving a summary of the accomplishments of D-Day, and giving the general feelings toward the success of the invasion after the first day of fighting. This book was written to provide everyone with an up close and personal view of WWII.The first two chapters on the book are titled " The Attackers" and "The Defenders". In these two chapters the author talks about the warring nations. The Germans who originally used blitzkrieg style warfare to remove the allied powers from Europe, by 1944 had dug in, and was now a complete opposite of what they once were. This would have probably worked just fine had the Nazis not conquered more territory than they could defend. Hitler knew that an invasion was immanent and that if he could send the allies back into the channel with great loses it would take months to organize another a...

Anthropomorphism and Animal Rights

Anthropomorphism and Animal Rights So you’ve just arrived home to find your couch shredded, the cupboard ransacked and your cat’s dinner dish lying empty in your bedroom. Your dog, you note with certainty, has a â€Å"guilty look on his face because he knows hes done something wrong. This is a perfect example of anthropomorphism. Dictionary.Com defines anthropomorphism as â€Å"ascribing human form or attributes to a being †¦.not human.† Most people who live with dogs know their dogs so well that any nuance of a change in the dogs facade is quickly recognized and labeled. But really, if we dont use the word guilty, how else would we describe that look? Some dog trainers dismiss these claims of guilty looks on a dog as nothing more than conditioned behavior.The dog only looks that way because he remembers the way you reacted the last time you came home to a similar scene. Hes not looking guilty, but rather he knows you  will react badly and its this expectation of punishment that causes the look on his face. Animal rights activists are dismissed as being anthropomorphic when we claim that animals feel emotions much like humans do. It’s an easy way for people who want to profit off the suffering of animals to dismiss their own evil behavior. It’s OK to say an animal is breathing, no one will charge us with anthropomorphism because no one doubts that animals breathe. But if we say the animal is happy, sad, depressed, grieving, in mourning or afraid, we’re dismissed as being anthropomorphic. In dismissing claims that animals emote, those who want to exploit them rationalize their actions. Anthropomorphism v. Personification Personification is the giving of human-like qualities to an inanimate object, while anthropomorphism usually applies to animals and deities. More importantly, personification is considered a  valuable literary device, with positive connotations. Anthropomorphism has negative connotations and is usually used to describe an inaccurate view of the world, prompting PsychCentral.com to ask, Why Do We Anthropomorphize? In other words, its OK for Sylvia Plath to give voice to a mirror and a lake, giving inanimate objects human-like qualities in order to entertain and move her audience, but its not OK for animal rights activists to say that a dog in a laboratory is suffering for the purpose of changing the way the dog is treated. Do Animal Rights Activists Anthropomorphize? When an animal rights activist says that an elephant suffers and feels pain when hit with a bullhook; or a mouse suffers from being blinded with hairspray, and chickens feel  pain when their feet develop sores from standing on the wire floor of a battery cage; that is not anthropomorphism. Since these animals have a central nervous system much like ours, it’s not much of a leap to deduce that their pain receptors work much like ours. Non-human animals may not have the exact same experience as humans, but identical thoughts or feelings are not required for moral consideration. Furthermore, not all humans have emotions in the same way - some are sensitive, insensitive, or overly sensitive - yet all are entitled to the same basic human rights. Accusations of Anthropomorphism Animal rights  activists are accused of anthropomorphism when we talk about animals suffering or having emotions, even though, through studies and observation, biologists agree that animals can feel emotions. In July, 2016, National Geographic published an article entitled â€Å"Look Into This Dolphin’s Eyes and Tell Me That’s Not Grief! by Maddalena Bearzi for the Ocean Conservation Society’s â€Å"Ocean News.† Bearzi writes of her experience on June 9, 2016 while she was working on a research boat with a team of Marine Biology students from Texas AM University. Leading the team was Dr. Bernd Wursig, a well-respected cetologist and head of the Texas AM Marine Biology Group. The team came upon a dolphin who was keeping vigil with a dead dolphin, presumably a pod-mate. The dolphin was circling the corpse, moving it up and down and from side to side,  clearly grieving. Dr. Wursig noted â€Å"For a pelagic creature like this is so highly unusual (to be alone with a dead one, and away from its group)†¦because they are scared to be alone†¦ they are just not lone creatures and the animal was obviously suffering.† The team described the scene with much sadness as it was obvious the dolphin knew his friend was dead but refused to accept that fact. Dr. Wursig cannot be easily dismissed as a sentimental animal rights activist  who anthropomorphizes animals carelessly. His report clearly described the dolphin as being in mourning†¦..a very human condition. Though this particular dolphin was holding vigil over a dead animal, many non-human animals have been observed helping  others of their species in need, a behavior scientists call epimeletic. If they cant care, why do they do it? Animal activists are calling people out who hurt animals, and their use of anthropomorphism is justified when  seeking justice and social change. Change can be scary and difficult, so people consciously or subconsciously seek ways to resist change. Rejecting the fact that animals suffer and have emotions can make it easier for people to continue exploiting animals without worrying about the ethical implications. One way of rejecting that fact is to call it anthropomorphism even though it is the result of direct scientific evidence. There may be some who truly do not believe that animals are capable of suffering or emotions, as French philosopher/mathematician  Rene Descartes  claimed he did, but Descartes  was himself a vivisector  and had reason to deny the obvious. Current scientific information contradicts Descartes 17th century view. Biology and research into the sentience of non-human animals has come a long way since Descartes time, and will continue to evolve as we learn more about the non-human animals with whom we share this planet.   Edited by  Michelle A. Rivera.